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diphthongs, action, very, open, quality, these, cross, linguistically, rare, apical, appears, dentialveolars, complementary, nasals, aunt, patterns, 兒爾二, 耍把戲, iuq, 月浴鬱, yeʔ, iun, 雲運勻, iuon, 圓冤院, 語女取, ueq, 卒說熱, ʮəʔ, ʮaʔ, 村准順, 雙窗床, ʮaŋ, 酸船圈, 車蛇水, ʮei, 摔帥率, 朱居樹, uoq, 骨闊活, uoʔ, 挖颳挖, uaʔ, 溫滾坤, 黃光狂, uaŋ, 彎亂半, 位鬼灰, 拐快外, 瓜花畫, 烏布蘇, ioq, 吃玉育, 筆一力, ieʔ, iaq, 腳削藥, iaʔ, ion, 永兄窮, 心丁引, ian, 江亮想, iaŋ, ien, 煙田邊, ieu, 丟酒求, iau, 交小妖, 街界鞋, 家鴉下, 西衣皮, 六叔福, 德汁色, 法集踏, 東送共, 分成很, 方港杭, aen, 板山安, 斗頭手, 溝口扣, 波多我, 包刀好, 開台海, 媽哈沙, 知次市, three, way, plosives, affricates, voicing, fricatives, reality, breathy, voice, labiodental, front, sonorants, paired, glottalisation, 羅亂浪六, lateral, 戶鞋黃盒, 如受上肉, 文肥房伐, 花海荒黑, 信小向吸, 沙掃送色, 封肺反法, fricative, 齊轎件強, 茶站蟲直, 丘搶欠七, tɕʰ, tsh, 車草唱尺, tsʰ, 街酒江腳, 災資張桌, affricate, 狂跪環葵, 台隊定笛, 袍步旁白, 枯快康客, 天吐痛塔, 破怕胖撲, 衣咬安屋, 古官廣骨, 堆店黨德, 巴表變北, plosive, 呆礙岸額, 銀繞逆玉, 你內難納, 馬亡門麥, palatal, alveolar, dental, labial, mix, speaker, rating, egids, meaning, vigorous, neither, sustainable, nor, widespread, around, 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Text of the page (random words):
n coupled with light tones is realised as ʋ̩ it may also be difficult to distinguish this rime with o all instances of ɑ in the above chart may vary between a ɐ ä ɑ among other possibilities the offglide of ei is closer to ɪ the rimes uõ ʮõ and yõ do not have a closing element the õ is more accurately õ̞ the ɑŋ rimes may be realised as æ̃ in the speech of older speakers from the old town the coda n of ən in uən ʮən and yn alternate freely with ŋ the o in oʔ and ioʔ is more accurately ɔ əl represents a rhotic younger speakers especially may pronounce it as ɚ tones edit hangzhounese like other sinitic languages have phonemic tone hangzhounese has seven tone categories based on the middle chinese tone categories monosyllable tones 39 40 41 42 wugniu category value examples 1 dark level 陰平 334 金詩單連貓 2 light level 陽平 23 秦時台梅毛 3 rising 上聲 53 井死膽染尾 5 dark departing 陰去 45 鏡四帶二岸 6 light departing 陽去 113 近誓袋右令 7 dark checked 陰入 5 急失的搣摸 8 light checked 陽入 23 極十踏額六 light tones only appear with voiced obstruents and nasal initials whereas dark tones only appear with voiceless and other sonorant initials the rising tone acts like a dark tone historical voiced obstruents with the rising tone category are today realised with the light departing tone more precise descriptions of the above are as follows 26 43 the dark level tone 1 is realised as 33 in quick speech the light level tone 2 is realised as 21 in quick speech and in slow speech a bend 213 can be heard the dark departing tone 5 is often longer than the other tones and can thus be transcribed as 445 tones 1 and 5 therefore can be difficult to distinguish in careful speech the two checked tones 7 and 8 are short tones that are high and low in pitch respectively they only appear with checked syllables that is to say those that end with glottal stops ʔ like northern wu languages hangzhounese exhibits complex tone sandhi sandhi chains can be bidirectional and the most important tonemes in determining the sandhi chain lies closest to the head 33 44 left prominent sandhi 45 head tone chain length 1 2 3 4 5 1 334 33 34 33 34 53 33 34 55 21 33 34 55 22 21 33 53 33 55 21 33 55 22 21 2 23 22 34 22 34 53 22 34 55 21 22 53 22 55 21 22 55 22 21 3 53 55 21 55 22 21 55 22 22 21 55 22 22 22 21 5 45 34 53 34 55 21 34 55 22 21 6 113 11 53 11 55 21 11 55 22 21 11 55 22 22 21 7 5 3 34 3 34 53 3 34 55 21 3 53 3 55 21 3 55 22 21 5 21 5 22 21 5 22 22 21 8 23 2 34 2 34 53 2 34 55 21 2 34 55 22 21 2 53 2 55 21 2 55 22 21 a trisyllabic sandhi chain 2 2 33 is also seen in a small number of words starting with light checked syllables the top chain of each head tone represents the dominant sandhi chain the second shows a secondary realisation often associated with the rising tone category though this association is not particularly rigid 46 left prominent chains are used in polysyllabic words and chains spread to subsequent words as well in verb pronoun constructions and with the noun attributive nouns modify sentence final particles also attach onto chains they follow 47 some historical light rising syllables may switch categories in sandhi for instance 3 lau 老 in 老鴨兒 old duck takes the dark rising pattern whereas in 老酒 huangjiu it takes the light departing pattern 26 right prominent sandhi 48 head tone 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 value 33 22 33 44 33 32 11 12 23 3 4 2 3 right prominent sandhi on the other hand is used in verb object constructions verb resultative constructions and on monosyllabic adverbs and subjects the right prominent sandhi tone change only applies to the syllable directly adjacent to the head 49 sandhi behaviour in hangzhounese is as demonstrated similar to sandhi behaviour in other northern wu languages generational differences edit the n initial is universally palatalised in younger speakers speech syllables with irregular l and n initials in older speakers speech are normalised in younger speakers idiolects 50 鳥 寧 哪 那 兩 standard mandarin niǎo níng nǎ nà liǎng old hangzhounese liau 3 lin 2 la 3 la 3 nian 6 new hangzhounese gniau 3 gnin 2 na 3 na 3 lian 6 the z initial when in standard mandarin the initial is r is pronounced as ɹ by younger speakers 50 the ø rime is only found in older speakers speech and can also be realised as ey younger speakers merge this rime with ei 35 51 the ʮ rime and ʮ glide are both merged into their u counterparts in younger speakers speech 52 the nasal element of the ẽ and õ series are lost in younger speakers speech coupled with the ʮ u merger younger speakers therefore merge the ʮõ uõ and uo rimes 53 50 51 the ɑŋ rime series is realised as æ̃ in the speech of older speakers in the old town 54 the checked ɑʔ and əʔ rime series are merged by some speakers 51 younger speakers split the o rime based on its distribution in standard mandarin when in standard mandarin the rime is u younger speakers realise it as u when in standard mandarin the rime is uo younger speakers say ou 35 there are minor differences in tone distribution and sandhi chains between different age groups 35 as mentioned above some speakers may import colloquial pronunciations from nearby wu varieties the effect is most pronounced in the speech of younger speakers and female speakers 15 see also edit early mandarin wu chinese shanghainese suzhounese ningbonese list of varieties of chinese chinatowns in queens flushing references edit citations edit 1 2 3 li 2012 p 104 1 2 li 1987 p b 9 1 2 vanness simmons 1999 1 2 3 4 kandrysawtz 2017 luo 2016 p 198 cao 2006 li 2012 p b1 14 xu 2013 p 2 yu 1996 1 2 xu 2013 vanness simmons 1999 p 166 norman 2006 wang 2014 sfnp error no target citerefwang2014 help vanness simmons 1992 1 2 xu 2007 p 13 14 wang 2014 p 363 sfnp error no target citerefwang2014 help xu 2013 p 45 1 2 luo 2016 sheng 2018 p 463 sheng 2018 luo 2016 p 194 li 2023 sfnp error no target citerefli2023 help luo 2016 p 196 luo 2016 p 196 197 zhang 2019 1 2 3 4 5 bao 1998 p 6 vanness simmons 1992 p 29 hou bao 1988 p 4 5 sfnp error no target citerefhoubao1988 help 1 2 vanness simmons 1992 p 32 wang 1999 p 56 vanness simmons 1992 p 30 1 2 you 2011 p 132 1 2 akitani 1988 sfnp error no target citerefakitani1988 help hou bao 1998 p 6 7 1 2 3 4 xu 2007 p 12 wang 1994 p 57 sfnp error no target citerefwang1994 help vanness simmons 1992 p 33 40 you 2011 p 133 134 akitanki 1988 p 33 sfnp error no target citerefakitanki1988 help bao 1988 p 6 sfnp error no target citerefbao1988 help hou bao 1998 p 9 vanness simmons 1992 p 40 vanness simmons 1992 p 42 43 bao 1998 akitanki 1988 p 37 sfnp error no target citerefakitanki1988 help akitani 1988 p 43 sfnp error no target citerefakitani1988 help akitani 1988 p 36 sfnp error no target citerefakitani1988 help akitanki 1988 p 36 sfnp error no target citerefakitanki1988 help akitani 1988 p 35 sfnp error no target citerefakitani1988 help 1 2 3 xu 2007 p 11 1 2 3 bao 1998 p 5 xu 2007 p 11 12 vanness simmons 1999 p 26 xu 2007 p 13 works cited edit akitani hiroyuki 杭州方言の声調 tones in the sic han zhou 杭州 dialect 中国文学研究 in japanese 14 waseda university 32 48 bao shijie 1998 杭州方言詞典 in chinese nanjing jiangsu education press isbn 7 5343 3413 6 cao zhiyun 2006 浙江省的汉语方言 dialect in chinese 3 255 263 via ixueshu hou jingyi bao shijie 1998 杭州話音檔 in chinese shanghai education publishing house isbn 7 5320 5865 4 kandrysawtz kai 2017 the vitality of the hangzhou dialect of mandarin swarthmore college li rong 1987 中国语言地图集 in chinese 1 ed hong kong longman isbn 0 582 99903 0 li rong 2012 中國語言地圖集 language atlas of china in chinese 2 ed the commercial press isbn 978 7 100 07054 6 luo xiaogang 2016 杭州方言的历史发展脉络 现状与保护策略 hangzhou journal in chinese 1 192 200 norman jerry 2006 common dialectal chinese the chinese rime tables 233 254 sheng yimin 2018 宋室南渡與臨安官話對吳語的影響 若干詞彙 語法的例證 influence of the southern migration of the song dynasty on wu dialects via lin an guanhua lexical and syntactic evidence language and linguistics in chinese 3 19 john benjamins publishing company 439 472 doi 10 1075 lali 00016 she issn 1606 822x vanness simmons richard 1992 the hangzhou dialect university of washington vanness simmons richard 1999 chinese dialect classification a comparative approach to harngjou old jintarn and common northern wu john benjamins publishing co isbn 90 272 3694 1 wang qilong 1999 杭州方言音系 journal of tsinghua university in chinese 14 1 xu yue 2007 杭州方言语音的内部差异 the internal phonological differences of hangzhou dialect in zhejiang province dialect in chinese 1 hangzhou hangzhou normal university 10 14 xu yue 2013 杭州方言与宋室南迁 in chinese hangzhou hangzhou publishing group isbn 978 7 80758 905 1 you rujie 2011 杭州話語音特點及其古官話成分 phonetic and phonological features of the hangzhou dialect bulletin of chinese linguistics in chinese 1 5 fudan university 129 144 doi 10 1163 2405478x 90000076 yu zhiqiang 1996 the wu dialects as a problem in classification university of washington zhang jing 2019 方言电视新闻的文化认同与对外传播 china radio tv academic journal in chinese 5 123 125 external links edit wu association v t e sino tibetan languages sinitic chinese mandarin yue hakka min wu hui gan xiang jin pinghua bai cai long caijia longjia luren tibeto burman bodish tibetan central amdo khams dzongkha ladakhi balti lahuli spiti kyirong kagate sherpa jirel east bodish tshangla basum nam burmo qiangic lolo burmese burmish burmese standard intha danu rakhine tavoyan achang lhao vo lashi zaiwa mondzish loloish qiangic gyalrongic ersuic naic greater magaric magaric magar kham chepangic chepang bhujel raji raute dura tandrange naga ao angami pochuri meitei tangkhulic western naga zeliangrong sal boro garo konyak jingpho luish gongduk ʼole kho bwa puroik tani chamdo tujia nungish karenic gong kathu west himalayish tamangic newaric newar baram thangmi kiranti dhimalish dhimal toto lhokpu lepcha karbi kuki chin miju mruic mru hkongso pyu taman bailang proposed groupings central tibeto burman kuki chin naga macro bai mahakiranti rung tibeto kanauri proto languages proto sino tibetan proto tibeto burman proto loloish proto karenic proto min proto hakka italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches v t e chinese language varieties mandarin beijing lingua franca of modern chinese standard forms standard chinese internal differences old national pronunciation regional accents and varieties guangdong zh majie zh liuzhou zh sichuan taiwan central taiwan zh singapore malaysia zh singapore malaysia kluang zh beijing females zh jingcheng beijing huaicheng chaofeng northeastern changchun harbin shenyang taz jilu tianjin jinan jiaoliao dalian qingdao weihai central plains dongping gangou guanzhong xi an luoyang xuzhou dungan southwestern sichuanese chengdu chongqing minjiang leshan renshou fushun zh zigong kunming nanping wuhan gui liu wuming jianghuai nanjing nantong nanping yangzhou zh lanyin lanzhou dialect zh ürümqi dialect zh other junjia yangyu gyami jin zhangjiakou hohhot zhi yan wu taihu northern sujiahu shanghai urban shanghai shadi suzhou kunshan wuxi tiaoxi huzhou piling changzhou jiangyin linshao shaoxing yongjiang ningbo hangzhou jinxiang taizhou taizhou tiantai oujiang wenzhou rui an wencheng wuzhou jinhua yongkang chu qu quzhou jiangshan qingtian xuanzhou xuancheng hui ji she zh xiu yi zh qi de zh yanzhou zh jing zhan zh gan chang du nanchang yi liu ying yi da tong xiang changyi changsha loushao shuangfeng xiangxiang wugang ji xu yong quan qiyang min eastern houguan zh fuzhou fuqing changle gutian matsu fu ning zh ningde fu an other manjiang zhongshan longdu nanlang pu xian putian xianyou southern hokkien quanzhou zhangzhou amoy chawan taiwan philippines penang medan southern malaysia singapore teochew swatow haklau pontianak other zhongshan sanxiang zhenan longyan leizhou zhanjiang hainan wenchang haikou banqiao inland northern jian ou jianyang central shao jiang hakka huiyang zh changting meixian tingzhou wuhua taiwan sixian hailu raoping pontianak singkawang yue yuehai cantonese hong kong malaysia xiguan jiujiang shiqi weitou dapeng yunfu siyi taishan xinhui goulou yulin bobai yunan other gao yang wu hua yong xun qin lian luo guang pinghua northern pinghua tongdao younian southern pinghua yongjiang guandao rongjiang unclassified tuhua shaozhou xiangnan yeheni danzhou dong shanke waxiang huizhou guangdong mai laobeizi history phonology and grammar history proto sino tibetan old chinese eastern han middle chinese old mandarin middle mandarin proto min proto hakka ba shu gan phonology historical old old national cantonese hokkien northern wu mandarin literary and colloquial readings grammar numerals classifiers honorifics cantonese grammar classical grammar idioms chengyu xiehouyu written chinese and input methods literary forms official classical adoption in japan in vietnam vernacular written cantonese written dungan written hokkien written sichuanese scripts logographic script styles oracle bone bronze seal clerical semi cursive cursive chinese characters simplified traditional punctuation braille cantonese mainland chinese taiwanese two cell phonetic romanization gwoyeu romatzyh hanyu pinyin mps ii postal tongyong pinyin wade giles efeo lessing othmer yale cyrillization dungan cyrillic bopomofo cantonese bopomofo taiwanese phonetic symbols taiwanese kana taiwanese hangul xiao erjing nüshu input methods logographic biaoxingma boshiamy zh cangjie simplified ckc dayi stroke count wubi wang ma zhengma q9 pinyin google sogou list of varieties of chinese sinitic languages v t e zhejiang topics hangzhou capital general history politics economy geography cities huangmaojian mount mogan tiantai mountain yangtze river delta grand canal qiantang river ou river zhoushan island hangzhou bay education double first class zhejiang university ningbo university china academy of art list of universities and colleges in zhejiang culture wuyue culture wu chinese taihu wu hangzhou dialect ningbo dialect wenzhou dialect rui an dialect jinhua dialect quzhou dialect southern min zhenan min yue opera cuisine longjing tea shaoxing wine visitor attractions baoguo temple guoqing temple mount putuo ruyi bridge mount tiantai qiandao lake tomb of yu the great category commons retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title hangzhou_dialect oldid 1373821718 categories wu chinese culture in hangzhou city colloquials hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing chinese language text pages with wu chinese ipa languages with iso6 code language articles with linguasphere code dialects of languages with iso 639 3 code languages without iso 639 3 code but with glottolog code languages without iso 639 3 code but with linguasphere code harv and sfn no target errors articles containing wu chinese language text pages with plain ipa articles containing japanese language text cs1 japanese language sources ja cs1 chinese language sources zh this page was last edited on 8 september 2026 at 03 33 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available 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