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o class genitive case personal pronouns in order to indicate inalienable possession in a binary possessive class system also like many austronesian languages hawaiian pronouns employ separate words for inclusive and exclusive we clusivity and distinguish singular dual and plural the grammatical function of verbs is marked by adjacent particles short words and by their relative positions that indicate tense aspect mood some examples of verb phrase patterns 89 ua verb perfective e verb ana imperfective ke verb nei present progressive e verb imperative mai verb negative imperative i verb purposive ke verb infinitive nouns can be marked with articles ka honu the turtle nā honu the turtles ka hale the house ke kanaka the person ka and ke are singular definite articles ke is used before words beginning with a e o and k and with some words beginning ʻ and p ka is used in all other cases nā is the plural definite article to show part of a group the word kekahi is used to show a bigger part mau is inserted to pluralize the subject examples kekahi pipi one of the cows kekahi mau pipi some of the cows semantic domains edit hawaiian has thousands of words for elements of the natural world according to the hawaiian electronic library there are thousands of names for different types of wind rain parts of the sea peaks of mountains and sky formations demonstrating the importance of the natural world to hawaiian culture for example hoʻomalumalu means sheltering cloud and hoʻoweliweli means threatening cloud 117 varieties and debates edit there is a marked difference between varieties of the hawaiian language spoken by most native hawaiian elders and the hawaiian language taught in education sometimes regarded as university hawaiian or college hawaiian university hawaiian is often so different from the language spoken by elders that native hawaiian children may feel scared or ashamed to speak hawaiian at home limiting the language s domains to academia 72 language varieties spoken by elders often includes pidgin hawaiian hawaiian pidgin hawaiian infused english or another variety of hawaiian that is much different from the university hawaiian that was standardized and documented by colonists in the 19th century 118 the divide between university hawaiian and varieties spoken by elders has created debate over which variety of hawaiian should be considered real or authentic as neither university hawaiian nor other varieties spoken by elders are free from foreign interference hawaiian cultural beliefs of divine intervention as the driving force of language formation expedites distrust in what might be seen as the mechanical nature of colonial linguistic paradigms of language and its role in the standardized variety of university hawaiian 118 hawaiian s authenticity debate could have major implications for revitalization efforts as language attitudes and trends in existing language domains are both unesco factors in assessing a language s level of endangerment 119 language learning resources edit hawaiian can be learnt on the online platforms of duolingo and mango languages 120 sample text edit article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights in hawaiian paukū 1 edit hānau kūʻokoʻa ʻia nā kānaka apau loa a ua kau like ka hanohano a me nā pono kīwila ma luna o kākou pākahi ua kuʻu mai ka noʻonoʻo pono a me ka ʻike pono ma luna o kākou no laila e aloha kākou kekahi i kekahi 121 article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights in english all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood see also edit hawaii portal languages portal the list of hawaiian words and list of words of hawaiian origin at wiktionary a free dictionary and wikipedia sibling project languages of the united states list of english words of hawaiian origin pidgin hawaiian not to be confused with hawaiian pidgin references edit hawaiian ethnologue free all sil international 2015 retrieved 13 january 2016 hawaiian endangered languages project 7 october 2024 archived from the original on 17 january 2025 retrieved 8 october 2024 hawai ian at ethnologue 25th ed 2022 how many people speak hawaiian hawaii star 5 august 2023 detailed languages spoken at home and ability to speak english for the population 5 years and over 2009 2013 digital realities of indigenous language revitalization a look at hawaiian language technology in the modern world researchgate mary kawena pukui samuel hoyt elbert 2003 lookup of ʻōlelo in hawaiian dictionary ulukau the hawaiian electronic library university of hawaiʻi press article xv section 4 constitution of the state of hawai i hawai i state legislature 1978 retrieved 24 september 2018 gutierrez ben 2022 04 28 lawmakers adopt resolution apologizing for ban on hawaiian language in schools hawaii news now retrieved 2023 01 21 languages spoken in hawaii exclusive hawaii rehab 3 december 2021 retrieved 16 january 2022 proposed name change island of hawaiʻi to hawaiʻi hawaiʻi board on geographic names retrieved 22 august 2026 carte de l océan pacifique au nord de l équateur charte des stillen weltmeers nördlichen des äequators chart of the pacific ocean north of the equator jpg princeton university library retrieved 2020 10 26 french carte de l océan pacifique au nord de l équateur et des côtes qui le bornent des deux cotes d après les dernières découvertes faites par les espagnols les russes et les anglais jusqu en 1780 german charte des stillen weltmeers nördlichen des äequators und der küsten die es auf beiden seiten einschränken nach den neuesten von der spanier russen und engländer bis 1780 english translation chart of the pacific ocean north of the equator and the coasts that bound it on both sides according to the latest discoveries made by the spaniards russians and english up to 1780 schütz 1994 44 459 carter 1996 144 174 carter 1996 187 188 schütz 1994 41 schütz 1994 61 65 schütz 1994 304 475 schütz 1994 108 109 schütz 1994 306 carter 1996 3 figure 1 lyovin 1997 257 258 polynesian languages encyclopedia britannica retrieved 2020 06 02 schütz 1994 334 336 338 20n elbert pukui 1979 35 36 kimura wilson 1983 185 schütz albert j 2020 hawaiian language past present and future united states university of hawaii press p 31 isbn 978 0824869830 low andrea may 8 2024 bright the sky above hawaiian diaspora in aotearoa the post p 9 schütz 1994 31 40 schütz 1994 43 44 nettle and romaine daniel and suzanne 2000 vanishing voices oxford university press pp 93 97 isbn 978 0 19 513624 1 schütz 1994 85 97 elbert pukui 1979 2 forbes david w 1998 hawaiian national bibliography vol 3 1851 1880 university of hawaii press p 385 isbn 978 0 8248 2503 4 emerson nathaniel b 1909 unwritten literature of hawaii the sacred songs of the hula washington government printing office pp 7 sahlins marshall 1985 islands of history university of chicago press handy e s 1972 native planters in old hawaii their life lore and environment bishop museum press kanopy firm 2016 nature gods and tricksters of polynesia san francisco california us ka streaming citation check url value help andrews 1836 elbert 1954 andrews 2003 fernández asensio 2019 14 15 okatoba 8 kumukānāwai o ka makahiki 1840 punawaiola university of hawaiʻi at mānoa 2024 retrieved 22 august 2024 fernández asensio 2019 15 quoted in schütz 1994 269 270 carter 1996 7 169 example 138 quoting mcguire 1 2 meet the last native speakers of hawaiian 28 july 2016 retrieved 10 may 2017 congress united states 1898 congressional edition u s government printing office p 1 pa23 retrieved 2017 07 20 united states native hawaiians study commission 1983 native hawaiians study commission report on the culture needs and concerns of native hawaiians u s dept of the interior pp 196 213 oclc 10865978 mary kawena pukui nana i ke kumu vol 2 p 61 62 m j harden voices of wisdom hawaiian elders speak p 99 unesco atlas of the world s languages in danger unesco retrieved 2017 11 20 1 2 reinecke john e 1988 1969 language and dialect in hawaii a sociolinguistic history to 1935 tsuzaki stanley m honolulu university of hawaii press pp 74 76 isbn 0 8248 1209 3 oclc 17917779 schütz 1994 230 snyder frey alicia 2013 05 01 he kuleana kō kākou hawaiian language learners and the construction of alter native identities current issues in language planning 14 2 231 243 doi 10 1080 14664208 2013 818504 issn 1466 4208 s2cid 143367347 wilson w h kamanä k 2006 for the interest of the hawaiians themselves reclaiming the benefits of hawaiian medium education hūlili multidisciplinary research on hawaiian well being 3 1 archived from the original on october 12 2021 warner 1996 hawaiian language preschools garner international recognition indian country today media network 2004 05 30 retrieved 2014 06 07 hawaiian news ʻâhaʻi ʻôlelo ola hawaii news now kgmb and khnl hawaii news now archived from the original on december 21 2012 retrieved may 12 2012 kauakukalahale archives honolulu star advertiser retrieved 2019 01 20 1 2 lyovin 1997 258 ramones ikaika niʻihau family makes rare public address hawaii independent archived from the original on 2 may 2017 retrieved 10 may 2017 al madi sahara 2023 03 30 language of the month march 2023 hawaiʻian the national museum of language the national museum of language retrieved 2025 10 25 elbert pukui 1979 23 nina porzucki 2016 07 28 meet the last native speakers of hawaiian the world the world in words podcast kimura l wilson w h kamanä k 2003 hawaiian back from brink honolulu advertiser haertig e w 1972 nana i ke kumu vol 2 hui hanai wilson w h kamanä k 2001 mai loko mai o ka i ini proceeding from a dream the aha pûnana leo connection in hawaiian language revitalization in l hinton k hale eds the green book of language revitalization in practice p 147 177 san diego ca academic press cook k 2000 the hawaiian pepeke system rongorongo studies 10 2 46 56 the kāhulu pepeke relative clause www hawaiian study info retrieved 2021 11 01 hinton leanne 1999 01 01 revitalization of endangered languages the cambridge handbook of endangered languages cambridge university press pp 291 311 isbn 978 0 511 97598 1 1 2 montgomery anderson b 2013 macro scale features of school based language revitalization programs journal of american indian education 52 3 41 64 kawaihuelani center for hawaiian language 2021 2022 catalog retrieved 2021 11 01 wight 2005 x schütz 1994 217 223 schütz 1994 98 133 schütz 1994 110 plate 7 1 schütz 1994 122 126 173 174 1 2 lyovin 1997 259 schütz 1994 223 elbert pukui 1979 27 31 32 pukui elbert 1986 406 pukui elbert 1986 450 pukui elbert 1986 257 281 451 schütz 1994 146 elbert pukui 1979 11 pukui elbert 1986 62 275 in english the glottal stop is usually either omitted or is replaced by a non phonemic glide resulting in hʌˈwai i or hʌˈwai ji and oˈa hu or oˈwa hu note that the latter two are essentially identical in sound 1 2 elbert pukui 1979 10 14 58 schütz 1994 143 elbert pukui 1979 11 schütz 1994 144 145 1 2 schütz 1994 139 141 hawaiian diacriticals archived from the original on 2009 03 02 retrieved 2009 03 03 over the last decade there has been an attempt by many well meaning locals hawaiian and non hawaiian to use substitute characters when true diacriticals aren t available this brings me to one of my pet peeves and the purpose of this post misuse of the backtick character many of the previously mentioned well intentioned folks mistakenly use a backtick to represent an ʻokina and it drives me absolutely bonkers pukui elbert 1986 109 110 156 478 1 2 elbert pukui 1979 14 15 schütz 1994 139 399 1 2 pukui elbert 1986 xvii xviii elbert pukui 1979 14 20 21 newbrand 1951 p page needed schütz 1994 115 1 2 elbert pukui 1979 22 25 1 2 kinney 1956 newbrand 1951 elbert pukui 1979 12 13 elbert pukui 1979 25 26 elbert pukui 1979 1 2 parker jones ʻōiwi april 2018 hawaiian journal of the international phonetic association 48 1 103 115 doi 10 1017 s0025100316000438 issn 0025 1003 s2cid 232350292 pukui elbert 1986 see hawaiian headwords schütz 1994 29 4n pukui elbert 1986 386 elbert pukui 1979 16 18 carter 1996 373 lyovin 1997 268 pukui elbert 1986 164 167 elbert pukui 1979 107 108 university of hawaiʻi press 2020 ulukau the hawaiian electronic library hawaiʻi author 1 2 wong l 1999 authenticity and the revitalization of hawaiian anthropology education quarterly 30 1 94 115 grenoble lenore a 2012 austin peter ed the cambridge handbook of endangered languages cambridge university press doi 10 1017 cbo9780511975981 002 retrieved 2020 12 08 croissant morgane 4 march 2022 5 languages on the brink of extinction that you can learn online matador network archived from the original on 30 november 2023 retrieved 25 march 2024 those who want to learn the endangered hawaiian language have been able to do so for free on the duolingo app since october 2018 as of march 2022 it is the language of choice for 586 000 duolingo users hawaiian classes are also available on memrise hawaii institute for human rights universal declaration of human rights hawaiian office of the united nations high commissioner for human rights retrieved 12 march 2026 sources edit andrews lorrin 1836 a vocabulary of words in the hawaiian language press of the lahainaluna high school andrews lorrin 2003 1865 a dictionary of the hawaiian language notes by william de witt alexander originally published by henry m whitney honolulu republished by island heritage publishing 2003 isbn 0 89610 374 9 carter gregory lee 1996 the hawaiian copula verbs he ʻo and i as used in the publications of native writers of hawaiian a study in hawaiian language and literature ph d thesis university of hawaiʻi elbert samuel h 1954 hawaiian dictionaries past and future hawaiian historical society annual reports hdl 10524 68 elbert samuel h pukui mary kawena 1979 hawaiian grammar honolulu the university press of hawaii isbn 0 8248 0494 5 hinton leanne hale kenneth 2001 the green book of language revitalization in practice academic press kimura larry wilson pila 1983 native hawaiian culture native hawaiian study commission minority report washington united states department of interior pp 173 203 kinney ruby kawena 1956 a non purist view of morphomorphemic variations in hawaiian speech journal of the polynesian society 65 3 282 286 jstor 20703564 lyovin anatole v 1997 an introduction to the languages of the world new york oxford university press inc isbn 0 19 508116 1 newbrand helene l 1951 a phonemic analysis of hawaiian m a thesis university of hawaiʻi pukui mary kawena elbert samuel h 1986 hawaiian dictionary honolulu university of hawaiʻi press isbn 0 8248 0703 0 schütz albert j 1994 the voices of eden a history of hawaiian language studies honolulu university of hawaiʻi press isbn 0 8248 1637 4 warner sam l 1996 i ola ka ʻōlelo i nā keiki ka ʻapo ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōlelo hawaiʻi e nā keiki ma ke kula kaiapuni that the language live through the children the acquisition of the h...