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holic stance is that god does not will suffering and that the only entities known to be in hell beyond a doubt are satan and his evil angels and that the only suffering in hell is not fire nor torture but the freely chosen irrevocable and inescapable eternal separation from god and his freely given love and the righteous who are in heaven thus the church and the popes have placed emphasis on the potential irreversibility of a mortally sinful life that goes un absolved before one s death and the dogma and reality of the place or state of hell 86 another interpretation is that the catechism by no means denies other forms of suffering but stresses that the pain of loss is central to the catholic understanding of hell 87 augustine of hippo said that the suffering of hell is compounded because god continues to love the sinner who is not able to return the love 88 according to the church whatever is the nature of the sufferings they are not imposed by a vindictive judge 88 89 concerning the detailed specific nature of hell the catholic church has defined nothing it is useless to speculate about its true nature and more sensible to confess our ignorance in a question that evidently exceeds human understanding 90 in his book inventing hell catholic writer and historian jon m sweeney is critical of the ways that christians have appropriated dante s vision and images of hell in its review publishers weekly called the book persuasively argued 91 visions edit medieval image of hell in the hortus deliciarum of herrad of landsberg c 1180 a number of catholic mystics and saints have claimed to have received visions of hell during various marian apparitions such as those at fatima or at kibeho the visionaries claimed that the virgin mary during the course of the visions showed them a view of hell where sinners were suffering 92 at fátima in portugal it is claimed that she told jacinta marto that more sinners go to hell because of sins of impurity than any other 93 94 columba of iona is alleged to have on several occasions even been able to name particular individuals who he said were going to end life in hell for their sins and accurately predicted the way they would die 95 a story recorded by cluniac monks in the middle ages claimed that benedict of nursia appeared to a monk on one occasion and told the monk that there had just been at that point in time a monk who had fled the monastic life to go back into the world and the ex monk then died and he went to hell 96 call to responsibility edit the catholic church teaches that no one is predestined to hell and that the church s teaching on hell is not meant to frighten but is a call for people to use their freedom wisely it is first and foremost a call to conversion and to show that humanity s true destiny lies with god in heaven 97 predestination edit further information predestination catholicism the catholic church and the catechism repudiates the view commonly known as double predestination which claims that god not only chooses who will be saved but that he also creates some people who will be doomed to damnation 98 this view is often associated with the protestant reformer john calvin 99 protestantism edit main article christian views on hades the parable of the rich man and lazarus depicting the rich man in hell asking for help to abraham and lazarus in heaven by james tissot in historic protestant traditions hell is the place created by god for the punishment of the devil and fallen angels cf matthew 25 41 and those whose names are not written in the book of life cf revelation 20 15 it is the final destiny of every person who does not receive salvation where they will be punished for their sins people will be consigned to hell after the last judgment 100 the nuances in the views of hell held by different protestant denominations both in relation to hades i e the abode of the dead and gehenna i e the destination of the wicked are largely a function of the varying protestant views on the intermediate state between death and resurrection and different views on the immortality of the soul or the alternative the conditional immortality for example john calvin who believed in conscious existence after death 101 had a different concept of hell hades and gehenna to martin luther who held that death was sleep 102 eternal torment view edit the historic protestant view of hell is expressed in the westminster confession 1646 a reformed confession of faith but the wicked who know not god and obey not the gospel of jesus christ shall be cast into eternal torments and punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the lord and from the glory of his power chapter xxxiii of the last judgment the book of discipline of the evangelical methodist church conference similarly teaches 103 while the saint goes from the judgment to enjoy eternal bliss the impenitent sinner is turned away into everlasting condemnation punishment and misery as heaven is described in the bible as a place of everlasting happiness so hell is described as a place of endless torment where the worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched matt 25 41 46 mark 9 44 48 luke 13 3 john 8 21 23 evangelical methodist church discipline 25 103 this is known as the eternal conscious torment ect view 104 this view is the traditional position of anabaptist mennonite hutterite bruderhof amish schwarzenau brethren river brethren and apostolic christian churches anglican baptist charismatics lutheran methodist moravian pentecostals plymouth brethren reformed congregationalist continental reformed and presbyterian churches and conservative quaker denominations 105 106 103 107 some writers such as anglican layman c s lewis 108 and j p moreland 109 have cast hell in terms of eternal separation from god certain biblical texts have led some theologians who to the conclusion that punishment in hell though eternal and irrevocable will be proportional to the deeds of each soul e g matthew 10 15 luke 12 46 48 110 another area of debate is the fate of the unevangelized i e those who have never had an opportunity to hear the christian gospel view of conditional immortality and annihilationism edit some protestants believe in conditional immortality 111 one version of which teaches that those sent to hell will not experience eternal conscious punishment but instead will have their consciousness extinguished or annihilated after a period of limited conscious punishment 35 prominent evangelical theologians who have adopted conditionalist beliefs include john wenham edward fudge clark pinnock and greg boyd 112 the seventh day adventist church holds annihilationism and they do not believe there is any conscious punishment after death for anyone seventh day adventists believe that death is a state of unconscious sleep until the resurrection they base this belief on biblical texts such as ecclesiastes 9 5 which states the dead know nothing and 1 thessalonians 4 13 which contains a description of the sleeping dead being raised from the grave at the second coming these verses adventists say indicate that death is only a period or form of slumber 113 christadelphians also teach the annihilationist viewpoint and they do not believe in any conscious punishment after death for anyone either other groups edit christian science edit christian science defines hell as follows mortal belief error lust remorse hatred revenge sin sickness death suffering and self destruction self imposed agony effects of sin that which worketh abomination or maketh a lie science and health with key to the scriptures christian universalism edit main article christian universalism some today holding mostly protestant views such as george macdonald karl barth william barclay keith derose robin parry and thomas talbott citation needed believe that after serving their sentence in gehenna all souls are reconciled to god and admitted to heaven or ways are found at the time of death of drawing all souls to repentance so that no hellish suffering is experienced this view is often called christian universalism its conservative branch is more specifically called biblical or trinitarian universalism related to but different from unitarian universalism see universal reconciliation apocatastasis and the problem of hell though a theological minority in contemporary western christianity a number of global christians held this view throughout history such as clement of alexandria origen gregory of nyssa etc and some orthodox theologians argue that it was once the theological majority view 114 christian universalism teaches that an eternal hell does not exist and is a later creation of the church with no biblical support reasoning by christian universalists includes that an eternal hell is against the nature character and attributes of a loving god human nature sin s nature of destruction rather than perpetual misery the nature of holiness and happiness and the nature and object of punishment 115 thomas talbott a prominent trinitarian universalist illustrates this viewpoint by delineating three propositions which are biblically based but which he asserts to be mutually exclusive god is omnipotent and exercises sovereign control over all aspects of human life and history god is omni benevolent is ontologically love and desires the salvation of all people some many persons will experience everlasting conscious torment in a place of either literal or metaphorical fire 116 traditional theology seeks to resolve the apparent contradiction by refining concepts such as omnipotence and omnibenevolence calvinism addresses this tension through the doctrine of limited atonement which holds that god s saving love is restricted to the elect only a select group is chosen for salvation which includes redemption and purification this reflects a special form of love while the majority the non elect or eternally reprobate are given only common grace and divine forbearance this bifurcation of grace aims to preserve both a doctrine of god s omnibenevolence and a doctrine of hell by contrast arminianism resolves the tension by proposing that god voluntarily limits his providence with respect to human freedom this is commonly referred to as synergism it maintains that human beings possess libertarian free will allowing them to choose whether to accept or reject god s grace universalists reject this final limitation and argue instead that salvation is ultimately granted to all people 117 gnosticism edit main article gnosticism multiple gnostic christians such as the cathars interpreted hell as a metaphor for this flawed material world in which human souls have become entrapped later writers influenced by the gnostic worldview such as milton and blake interpreted it differently in the marriage of heaven and hell william blake is read by certain scholars as implying that hell is similar to heaven or even preferable to it in terms of being a state in which creative impulses are allowed free rein outside the domination of society which prefers the limitations of heaven 118 119 jehovah s witnesses edit jehovah s witnesses do not believe in an immortal soul that survives after physical death they believe the bible presents hell as translated from sheol and hades to be the common grave for both the good and the bad they reject the idea of a place of literal eternal pain or torment as being inconsistent with god s love and justice they define gehenna as eternal destruction or the second death which is reserved for those with no opportunity of a resurrection such as those who will be destroyed at armageddon 120 jehovah s witnesses believe that others who have died before armageddon will be resurrected bodily on earth and then judged during the 1 000 year rule of christ the judgement will be based on their obedience to god s laws after their resurrection 121 the christadelphian view is broadly similar to the jehovah s witness view except for the fact that it teaches the belief that the resurrected will be judged for how they lived their lives before the resurrection latter day saints edit main article outer darkness further information plan of salvation latter day saints and spirit world latter day saints the church of jesus christ of latter day saints lds church teaches that the word hell is used scripturally in at least two senses 122 the first is a place commonly called spirit prison which is a state of punishment for those who reject christ and his atonement this is understood to be a temporary state in which the spirits of deceased persons will be taught the gospel and have an opportunity to repent and accept ordinances of salvation 123 latter day saints teach that it was for this purpose that christ visited the spirit world after his crucifixion 1 peter 3 19 20 1 peter 4 5 6 modern day revelation clarifies that while there christ began the work of salvation for the dead by commissioning spirits of the righteous to teach the gospel to those who didn t have the opportunity to receive it while on earth 123 latter day saints also believe that righteous people will rise in a first resurrection and live with christ on earth after his return 124 after the 1000 years known as the millennium the individuals in spirit prison who chose not to accept the gospel and repent 125 will also be resurrected 1 corinthians 15 20 22 and receive an immortal physical body which is referred to as the second resurrection 126 at these appointed times of resurrection death and hell will deliver up the dead that are in them to be judged according to their works revelations 20 13 at which point all but the sons of perdition will receive a degree of glory which paul compared to the glory of the sun moon and stars 1 corinthians 15 41 the church explains biblical descriptions of hell being eternal or endless punishment as being descriptive of their infliction by god rather than an unending temporal period latter day saint scripture quotes god as saying i am endless and the punishment which is given from my hand is endless punishment for endless is my name wherefore eternal punishment is god s punishment endless punishment is god s punishment 127 latter day saints also believe in a more permanent concept of hell commonly referred to as outer darkness it is said that few people who have lived on the earth will be consigned to this hell but latter day saint scripture suggests that at least cain will be present 128 other mortals who during their lifetime become sons of perdition those who commit the unpardonable sin or sin against the holy ghost will be consigned to outer darkness 124 near the end of his life in a discourse called the king follett sermon joseph smith taught that after a man has sinned against the holy ghost there is no repentance for him he has got to say that the sun does not shine while he sees it he has got to deny jesus christ when the heavens have been opened unto him and to deny the plan of salvation with his eyes open to the truth...