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henry sweet wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 life and work 2 other interests 3 legacy 4 references 5 further reading 6 external links toggle the table of contents henry sweet 19 languages العربية مصرى تۆرکجه dansk deutsch español فارسی suomi français hausa igbo ido 日本語 한국어 nederlands русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски svenska türkçe edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikisource wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia english linguist 1845 1912 henry sweet born 15 september 1845 london died 30 april 1912 1912 04 30 aged 66 oxford education balliol college scientific career fields phonetics old english language teaching workplaces early english text society philological society oxford university henry sweet 15 september 1845 30 april 1912 was an english philologist phonetician and grammarian 1 2 as a philologist he specialized in the germanic languages particularly old english and old norse in addition sweet published works on larger issues of phonetics and grammar in language and the teaching of languages many of his ideas have remained influential and a number of his works continue to be in print being used as course texts at colleges and universities life and work edit henry sweet was born in st pancras london he was educated at bruce castle school and king s college school london 1 3 in 1864 he spent a short time studying at heidelberg university 1 4 upon his return to england he took up an office job with a trading company in london 4 five years later aged twenty four he won a scholarship in german and entered balliol college in oxford 4 sweet neglected his formal academic coursework concentrating instead on pursuing excellence in his private studies 4 early recognition came in his first year at oxford when the prestigious philological society of which he was later to become president published a paper of his on old english 4 in 1871 still an undergraduate he edited king alfred s translation of the cura pastoralis for the early english text society king alfred s west saxon version of gregory s pastoral care with an english translation the latin text notes and an introduction his commentary establishing the foundation for old english dialectology 1 he graduated in 1873 nearly thirty years old with a fourth class degree in literae humaniores 4 subsequent works on old english included an anglo saxon reader 1876 5 the oldest english texts 1885 and a student s dictionary of anglo saxon 1896 1 sweet like his contemporary walter skeat felt under particular pressure from german scholars in english studies who often state employed tenured and accompanied by their comitatus of eager graduate students annexed the historical study of english dismayed by the swarms of young program mongers turned out every year by german universities he felt that no english dilettante can hope to compete with them except by germanizing himself and losing all his nationality 6 in 1877 sweet published a handbook of phonetics which attracted international attention among scholars and teachers of english in europe 1 he followed up with the elementarbuch des gesprochenen englisch 1885 which was subsequently adapted as a primer of spoken english 1890 1 this included the first scientific description of educated london speech later known as received pronunciation with specimens of connected speech represented in phonetic script 1 in addition he developed a version of shorthand called current shorthand which had both orthographic and phonetic modes 7 his emphasis on spoken language and phonetics made him a pioneer in language teaching a subject which he covered in detail in the practical study of languages 1899 1 in 1901 sweet was made reader in phonetics at oxford 8 the sounds of english 1908 was his last book on english pronunciation 1 other books by sweet include an icelandic primer with grammar notes and glossary 1886 the history of language 1900 9 and a number of other works he edited for the early english text society sweet was also closely involved in the early history of the oxford english dictionary 4 despite the recognition he received for his scholarly work sweet never received a university professorship a fact that disturbed him greatly although he was appointed reader he had done poorly as a student at oxford he had annoyed many people through bluntness and he failed to make every effort to gather official support 4 his relationship with the oxford university press was often strained 4 sweet died on 30 april 1912 in oxford of pernicious anemia he left no children 2 other interests edit in who s who 1911 sweet gave his recreations as climbing gardening chemistry alphabets in boyhood swimming skating european languages and literatures in youth riding fishing cycling literary controversy spelling and university reform oriental languages and literatures in middle age sociology spiritualism music literary composition in old age looked forward to flying real flying not with bags and stoves 3 legacy edit sweet has retained a reputation as the man who taught europe phonetics 4 his work established an applied linguistics tradition in language teaching which has continued without interruption to the present day 4 a bibliography and collected papers were published by h c wyld in the preface to his 1913 play pygmalion george bernard shaw stated that henry higgins is not a portrait of sweet to whom the adventure of eliza doolittle would have been impossible still as will be seen there are touches of sweet in the play 1 leslie howard portrayed the character of higgins in the 1938 film pygmalion henry higgins was notably portrayed by rex harrison in the 1956 stage musical my fair lady and its 1964 screen adaptation the henry sweet society for the history of linguistic ideas founded 1984 is named after him it holds annual colloquia and publishes the journal language and history references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 concise oxford companion to the english language as hosted on encyclopedia com 1 2 kunitz stanley haycraft howard british authors of the nineteenth century the h wilson company 1936 p 598 isbn 0 8242 0007 1 1 2 sweet henry ma phd lld in who was who 1897 1915 london a c black 1988 reprint isbn 0 7136 2670 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 howatt anthony philip reid widdowson henry george a history of english language teaching oxford university press 2004 pp 198 207 isbn 0 19 442185 6 online text the 9th edition was revised by charles talbut onions who revised the reader again for the 10th 14th editions sweet h ed 1959 sweet s anglo saxon reader 10th ed revised by c t onions oxford clarendon press the oldest english texts ed henry sweet london eets 1885 p v see further richard utz chaucer and the discourse of german philology turnhout brepols 2002 pp 67 69 sweet henry a manual of current shorthand orthographic and phonetic oxford clarendon 1892 online version from rider university the columbia encyclopedia as hosted on encyclopedia com 1995 isbn 81 85231 04 4 2007 isbn 1 4326 6993 1 further reading edit charles leslie wrenn henry sweet transactions of the philological society vol 45 pp 177 201 1946 henderson eugénie j a ed 1971 the indispensable foundation a selection from the writings of henry sweet oxford oxford university press isbn 978 0194370394 anthony philip reid howatt h g widdowson 2004 a history of english language teaching oxford university press isbn 0 19 442185 6 external links edit english wikisource has original works by or about henry sweet the henry sweet society works by henry sweet at project gutenberg works by or about henry sweet at the internet archive works by henry sweet at librivox public domain audiobooks anthony philip reid howatt h g widdowson 2004 a history of english language teaching oxford university press isbn 0 19 442185 6 henry sweet s the principles of spelling reform an anglo saxon primer dead link cornell university library historical monographs collection reprinted by cornell university library digital collections authority control databases international isni viaf gnd fast worldcat national united states france bnf data japan italy czech republic spain netherlands poland vatican israel catalonia academics cinii people trove deutsche biographie ddb other idref open library snac yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title henry_sweet oldid 1372006199 categories 1845 births 1912 deaths deaths from pernicious anemia anglo saxon studies scholars people educated at king s college school london english philologists phoneticians alumni of balliol college oxford linguists of germanic languages linguists of english people educated at bruce castle school historical linguists linguists of indo uralic languages members of the royal society of sciences in uppsala presidents of the philological society english language spelling reform advocates creators of shorthand systems hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from june 2020 articles with hcards articles with project gutenberg links articles with internet archive links articles with librivox links all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from june 2024 this page was last edited on 29 august 2026 at 20 31 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents henry sweet 19 languages add topic