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because henry the proud had been his rival for the crown in 1138 4 rule edit contemporary depiction of henry the lion from the historia welforum henry the lion did not relinquish his claims to his inheritance and conrad returned saxony to him in 1142 1 a participant in the 1147 wendish crusade 1 henry also reacquired bavaria by a decision of the new emperor frederick barbarossa in 1156 however the east mark was not returned and became the duchy of austria 1 henry was the founder of munich 1157 1 and lübeck 1159 1 he also founded and developed numerous other cities in northern germany and bavaria such as augsburg hildesheim stade kassel güstrow lüneburg salzwedel schwerin and brunswick in brunswick his capital he had a bronze lion his heraldic animal erected in the courtyard of his castle dankwarderode in 1166 the first bronze statue north of the alps later he had brunswick cathedral built close to the statue henry s duchies saxony and bavaria in 1147 henry married clementia of zähringen thereby gaining her hereditary territories in swabia he divorced her in 1162 apparently under pressure from emperor frederick barbarossa who did not cherish guelphish possessions in his home area and offered henry several fortresses in saxony in exchange in 1168 henry married matilda 1156 1189 the daughter of king henry ii of england and duchess eleanor of aquitaine and sister of king richard i of england 1 henry faithfully supported emperor frederick in his attempts to solidify his hold on the imperial crown and his repeated wars with the cities of lombardy and the popes several times turning the tide of battle in frederick s favor with his saxon knights during frederick s first invasion of northern italy henry took part among the others in the victorious sieges of crema and milan in 1172 henry took a pilgrimage to jerusalem june july meeting with the knights templar and knights hospitaller 5 a and spending easter of that year in constantinople 6 by december 1172 he was back in bavaria 6 and in 1174 he refused to aid frederick in a renewed invasion of lombardy because he was preoccupied with securing his own borders in the east he did not consider these italian adventures worth the effort unless barbarossa presented henry with the saxon imperial city goslar a request barbarossa refused fall edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2023 learn how and when to remove this message the now secularised st peter s church at petersberg citadel erfurt where henry the lion submitted to barbarossa in 1181 barbarossa s expedition into lombardy ultimately ended in failure he bitterly resented henry for failing to support him taking advantage of the hostility of other german princes to henry who had successfully established a powerful state comprising saxony bavaria and substantial territories in the north and east of germany frederick had henry tried in absentia for insubordination by a court of bishops and princes in 1180 declaring that imperial law overruled traditional german law the court had henry stripped of his lands and declared him an outlaw frederick then invaded saxony with an imperial army to bring henry to his knees henry s allies deserted him and he finally had to submit in november 1181 at an imperial diet in erfurt he was exiled from germany in 1182 for three years and stayed with his father in law in normandy before being allowed back into germany in 1185 at whitsun 1184 he visited the diet of pentecost in mainz probably as a mediator for his father in law henry ii he was exiled again in 1188 his wife matilda died in 1189 when frederick barbarossa went on the crusade of 1189 henry returned to saxony mobilized an army of his faithful and conquered the rich city of bardowick as punishment for its disloyalty only the churches were left standing barbarossa s son emperor henry vi again defeated duke henry but in 1194 with his end approaching he made his peace with the emperor and returned to his much diminished lands around brunswick where he peacefully sponsored arts and architecture children edit by his first wife clementia of zähringen divorced 1162 7 daughter of duke conrad i of zähringen and clemence of namur henry had 8 gertrude 1155 1197 9 who married first duke frederick iv of swabia and then king canute vi of denmark richenza c 1157 1167 9 henry who died young wedding to matilda as depicted in the gospels of henry the lion by his second wife matilda married 1168 daughter of king henry ii of england and duchess eleanor of aquitaine 10 matilda or richenza 1172 1204 who married first count geoffrey iii of perche 11 and then lord enguerrand iii of coucy henry v count palatine of the rhine c 1173 1227 10 lothar c 1174 1190 otto iv holy roman emperor and duke of swabia c 1175 1218 10 william of winchester lord of lüneburg 1184 1213 12 three other children are listed by some sources as having belonged to henry and matilda eleanor born 1178 died young ingibiorg born 1180 died young son b d 1182 by his lover ida von blieskastel he had a daughter matilda who married lord henry borwin i of mecklenburg legacy edit the henry the lion bible is preserved in near mint condition from the year 1170 it is located in the herzog august library in wolfenbüttel a town in lower saxony henry the lion remains a popular figure to this day 13 during world war i a nail man depicting henry the lion called eiserner heinrich was used in brunswick to raise funds for the german war effort nazi propaganda later declared henry an antecessor of the nazi s lebensraum policy 14 and turned brunswick cathedral and henry s tomb into a national place of consecration 15 henry the lion on the coat of arms of schwerin order of henry the lion order of merit of the duchy of brunswick awarded from 1834 to 1918 henry the lion s fountain 1874 brunswick eiserner heinrich 1915 braunschweigisches landesmuseum brunswick henry the lion monument in schwerin henry the lion monument in schwerin folklore and fiction edit henry and his lion title page illustration from karl joseph simrock s retelling of the folktale geschichte des großen helden und herzogen heinrich des löwen und seiner wunderbaren höchst gefährlichen reise 1844 shortly after his death henry the lion became the subject of a folktale the so called heinrichssage 16 the tale was later also turned into the opera enrico leone by italian composer agostino steffani 17 the heinrichssage details a fictional account of henry s pilgrimage to the holy land a popular part of the tale deals with the brunswick lion according to legend henry witnessed a fight between a lion and a dragon while on pilgrimage he joins the lion in its fight and they slay the dragon the faithful lion then accompanies henry on his return home after its master s death the lion refuses all food and dies of grief on henry s grave the people of brunswick then erect a statue in the lion s honour 18 19 20 the legend of henry the lion also inspired the czech tale of the knight bruncvík which is depicted on a column on charles bridge in prague the book the pope s rhinoceros 1996 by lawrence norfolk opens with an allegory of a planned ransack by henry s army of the monastery at usedom where purportedly a treasure was kept however the night before the attack the poorly maintained monastery and its treasures crumble into the sea as the result of a storm and henceforth constituting a loss to the military expedition in the barbarossa campaign of the video game age of empires ii henry the lion is depicted as a traitor who betrays barbarossa twice at the end of the campaign it is revealed that the campaign s narrator was henry himself now an old man the popular video game kingdom come deliverance s sequel kingdom come deliverance ii contains a dlc pack around this legend where players can get unlock a recipe for a pollaxe and find supposedly his armour around the game henry the lion is featured as a playable character in the grand strategy video game crusader kings iii in the 1178 start date he appears as the powerful duke of saxony and bavaria with historical rivalries and alliances reflecting his real life conflicts within the holy roman empire 21 notes edit as arnold of lübeck reports in his chronica slavorum he was present at the meeting of henry the lion with seljuk sultan of rûm kilij arslan ii during the former s pilgrimage to jerusalem in 1172 when they met near tarsus the sultan embraced and kissed the german duke reminding him that they were blood cousins amplexans et deosculans eum dicens eum consanguineum suum esse when the duke asked for details of this relationship kilij arslan ii informed him that a noble lady from the land of germans married a king of russia who had a daughter by her this daughter s daughter arrived to our land and i descend from her references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 emmerson 2013 p 320 barz 1980 p 32 barz 1980 pp 29 34 35 barz 1980 pp 36 40 sterns 1985 p 319 1 2 lock peter 2013 the routledge companion to the crusades routledge p 151 isbn 9781135131449 previté orton 1912 p 329 note 3 lyon 2013 p 249 1 2 loud 2019 p 94 1 2 3 nicholson 2001 p 129 baldwin john w 2002 aristocratic life in medieval france johns hopkins university p 46 isbn 9780801869129 lyon 2013 p 245 heine matthias 31 may 2008 barbarossas staatsfeind nummer eins die welt in german retrieved 9 may 2013 heinrich der löwe vernetztes gedächtnis in german retrieved 9 may 2013 about the cathedral braunschweiger dom archived from the original on 23 january 2018 retrieved 9 may 2013 brothers grimm heinrich der löwe henry the lion the brothers grimm version deutsche sagen in german projekt gutenberg de retrieved 10 may 2013 enrico leone heinrich der löwe klassica in german retrieved 9 may 2013 combellack c r b 1955 die sage von heinrich dem löwen ihr ursprung ihre entwicklung und ihre überlieferung by karl hoppe comparative literature 7 2 160 162 doi 10 2307 1769130 jstor 1769130 jäckel dirk 2006 der herrscher als löwe ursprung und gebrauch eines politischen symbols im früh und hochmittelalter in german cologne weimar böhlau verlag pp 163 164 pollach günter 2011 kaleidoskop der mächtigen randglossen zu überlieferten mythen und episoden der geschichte in german pp 64 67 the best starting rulers in 1178 for crusader kings 3 game rant 4 october 2023 retrieved 30 july 2025 bibliography edit barz paul 1980 heinrich der löwe munich deutscher taschenbuch verlag emmerson richard k 2013 key figures in medieval europe an encyclopedia routledge isbn 978 1 136 77518 5 loud graham a 2019 the chronicle of arnold of lübeck routledge isbn 978 0 3676 6045 1 lyon jonathan r 2013 princely brother and sisters the sibling bond in german politics 1100 1250 cornell university press isbn 978 0 8014 5130 0 nicholson helen 2001 love war and the grail brill p 129 isbn 90 04 12014 9 previté orton c w 1912 the early history of the house of savoy 1000 1233 cambridge university press p 329 note 3 luckhardt jochen niehoff franz biegel gerd 1995 essays heinrich der löwe und seine zeit vol 2 munich hirmer isbn 3 7774 6690 5 sterns indrikis 1985 the teutonic knights in the crusader states in zacour norman p hazard harry w eds a history of the crusades the impact of the crusades on the near east university of wisconsin press isbn 978 0299 09144 6 further reading edit jordan karl 1986 henry the lion a biography clarendon press isbn 0 19 821969 5 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to henry the lion henry the lion on encyclopedia com henry the lion the columbia encyclopedia sixth edition the fall of henry the lion from germany encyclopædia britannica deposition of henry the lion from frederick i encyclopædia britannica msn encarta multimedia henry the lion archived 2009 10 31 charter given by henry to monastery volkenroda 31 1 1174 archived 19 july 2011 at the wayback machine photograph taken from the collections of the lichtbildarchiv älterer originalurkunden at marburg university showing henry s seal henry the lion house of welf born 1129 1131 died 1195 regnal titles preceded by albert the bear duke of saxony 1142 1180 succeeded by bernard iii preceded by henry xi duke of bavaria 1156 1180 succeeded by otto i v t e dukes of bavaria duchy of bavaria upper bavaria lower bavaria bavaria ingolstadt bavaria landshut bavaria munich bavaria straubing garibald i 555 591 tassilo i 591 610 garibald ii 610 625 theodo c 680 716 theodbert c 716 c 719 theobald c 716 c 719 tassilo ii c 716 c 719 grimoald 715 725 hugbert 725 736 odilo 736 748 grifo 748 tassilo iii 748 788 louis ii the german king 817 843 carloman king 876 880 louis iii the younger king 880 882 charles the fat king 882 887 engeldeo margrave 890 895 luitpold margrave 895 907 arnulf 907 937 eberhard 937 938 berthold 938 947 henry i 947 955 henry ii the quarrelsome 955 976 985 995 otto i 976 982 henry iii the younger 983 985 henry iv 995 1004 1009 1017 henry v 1004 1009 1017 1026 henry vi 1026 1042 henry vii 1042 1047 conrad i 1049 1053 henry viii 1053 1054 1055 1061 conrad ii 1054 1055 otto of nordheim 1061 1070 welf i 1070 1077 1096 1101 henry viii 1077 1096 welf ii 1101 1120 henry ix the black 1120 1126 henry x 1126 1138 leopold i 1139 1141 henry xi jasomirgott 1143 1156 henry xii the lion 1156 1180 otto the redhead 1180 1183 agnes of loon regent 1183 1191 louis i 1183 1231 otto the illustrious 1231 1253 louis ii the strict 1253 1255 upper 1255 1294 henry xiii lower 1253 1290 louis iii lower 1290 1296 stephen i lower 1290 1310 otto iii lower 1290 1312 matilda upper regent 1294 1302 rudolph i upper 1294 1317 henry xv the natternberger lower 1312 1333 otto vi lower 1310 1334 henry xiv lower 1310 1339 john i the child lower 1339 1340 louis iv upper 1301 1340 1340 1347 otto v 1347 1349 upper 1349 1351 landshut 1373 1379 louis v the brandenburger 1347 1349 upper 1349 1361 meinhard i upper 1361 1363 louis vi 1347 1365 stephen ii 1347 1349 lower 1349 1353 landshut 1353 1375 upper 1363 william i 1347 1349 lower 1349 1353 straubing 1353 1388 albert i 1347 1349 lower 1349 1353 straubing 1353 1404 albert ii straubing 1389 1397 william ii straubing 1404 1417 jacqueline straubing 1417 1429 john iii the pitiless straubing 1417 1425 william iii munich 1397 1435 straubing 1429 1435 ernest munich 1397 1438 straubing 1429 1438 frederick i the wise 1375 1392 landshut 1392 1393 john ii 1375 1392 munich 1392 1397 stephen iii the magnificent 1375 1392 ingolstadt 1392 1413 louis vii the bearded ingolstadt 1413 1443 louis viii the hunchback ingolstadt 1443 1445 henry xvi the rich landshut 1393 1450 ingolstadt 1447 1450 albert iii munich 1438 1460 john iv munich 1460 1463 sigismund munich 1460 1467 dachau 1467 1501 louis ix the rich landshut 1450 1479 george i the rich landshut 1479 1503 albert iv the wise munich 1465 1505 1505 1508 william iv the steadfast munich 1460 1508 landshut 1503 1508 1508 1550 louis x duke 1516 1545 albert v the m...