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s written by chief justice earl warren this was the first case in which mexican american lawyers had appeared before the supreme court 3 background of the case edit peter hernandez a mexican american agricultural worker was convicted for the 1951 murder of cayetano joe espinosa whom he shot in cold blood at a bar in edna texas hernandez s pro bono legal team including gustavo c garcía appealed the ruling arguing that he was being discriminated against because there were no mexicans in the jury that convicted him they hoped to challenge what they described as the systematic exclusion of persons of mexican origin from all types of jury duty in at least seventy counties in texas 1 they argued that hernandez had the right to be tried by a jury of his peers under the 14th amendment but at the time the 14th amendment was a special civil rights protection intended for black citizens the state of texas denied their claim on the grounds that mexicans were white and the 14th amendment did not protect white nationality groups hernandez s legal team appealed claiming that mexican americans although white were treated as a class apart and subject to social discrimination in jackson county where the case had been tried and therefore were deserving of 14th amendment protection their task was then to prove that mexicans were being discriminated against and that they had been excluded from the grand jury and jury the state of texas never officially barred mexicans from jury service but hernandez s defense lawyers demonstrated that although numerous mexican americans were citizens and had otherwise qualified for jury duty in jackson county during the previous 25 years no mexican americans or more precisely no one with a hispanic surname were among the 6 000 persons chosen to serve on juries this resulted in hernandez having been deprived of equal protection of the law under the fourteenth amendment as juries were restricted by ethnicity they appealed to the united states supreme court through a writ of certiorari 4 the legal team included garcía carlos cadena and john j herrera of the league of united latin american citizens and james deanda and cris alderete of the g i forum both activist groups for civil rights for mexican americans these were the first mexican american lawyers to represent a defendant before the us supreme court which heard their arguments on january 11 1954 ruling edit chief justice earl warren and the rest of the supreme court unanimously ruled in favor of hernandez and required he be retried by a jury composed without discrimination against mexican americans hernandez received a new trial with a jury that included mexican americans and was subsequently found guilty of murder once again 5 the court omitted the focus of race by declaring that other factors influence whether or not a group may need constitutional protection to determine if discriminatory factors were present in jackson county the court investigated the treatment of mexican americans they discovered a county wide distinction between white and mexican persons at least one restaurant prominently displayed a sign that declared no mexicans served additionally until a few years earlier some mexican american children attended segregated schools and were forced to drop out by fifth or sixth grade 6 these factors led the supreme court to their ultimate ruling that the fourteenth amendment protects persons beyond the racial classes of white or black and extends protection to nationality groups of white race as well influence edit the ruling was an extension of protection in the civil rights movement to nationality groups within the country and an acknowledgement that in certain times and places groups other than blacks african americans could be discriminated against the ultimate effect of this ruling was that the protection of the 14th amendment was ruled to cover any national or ethnic groups of the united states for which discrimination could be proved the oral arguments of this case have been lost however the united states supreme court docket sheet and letter from justice clark to chief justice regarding joining opinion are available online see also edit list of united states supreme court cases volume 347 jury trial references edit 1 2 hernández v the state of texas from the handbook of texas online hernandez v texas 347 u s 475 1954 honoring gus garcia 38 texas law news september 22 2023 retrieved february 27 2024 hernandez v texas 346 u s 811 1953 hernandez v texas www thestoryoftexas com retrieved april 29 2023 oboler suzanne 2005 the oxford encyclopedia of latinos latinas in the united states new york oxford university press p 287 isbn 9780195156003 further reading edit soltero carlos r 2006 hernandez v texas 1954 and the exclusion of mexican americans and grand juries latinos and american law landmark supreme court cases austin tx university of texas press pp 37 47 isbn 0 292 71411 4 olivas michael a ed 2006 colored men and hombres aquí hernández v texas and the emergence of mexican american lawyering hispanic civil rights series foreword by mark tushnet houston tx arte público press isbn 1 55885 476 2 oclc 64592184 external links edit text of hernandez v texas 347 u s 475 1954 is available from internet archive docket files justia library of congress hernandez v state of texas case university of texas school of law archive hernández v the state of texas from the handbook of texas online a class apart archived 2010 03 15 at the wayback machine american experience pbs a landmark civil rights case the little known story of the mexican american lawyers who took hernandez v texas to the supreme court challenging jim crow style discrimination aired on pbs on february 23 2009 v t e chicano and mexican american topics terms chicano indigenismo mexican american la raza cholo pachuco pinto blaxican xicanx californio california tejano texas neomexicano new mexico pre chicano movement 1917 bath riots bisbee deportation bracero program korean war la matanza lynching mexican repatriation operation wetback plan de san diego porvenir massacre sleepy lagoon trial zoot suit riots chicano movement aztlán católicos por la raza centro de arte público chicanismo chicana feminism chicano blowouts chicano moratorium mission cultural center for latino arts pcun plan espiritual de aztlán plan de santa bárbara farm workers rights campaign land grant struggle colegio césar chávez los siete de la raza los seis de boulder occupation of catalina island post chicano movement aztlán 1985 1987 watsonville cannery strike 1992 drywall strike 2019 el paso walmart shooting abolish ice arizona sb 1070 castro 2020 daca great american boycott irca justice for janitors killing of adam toledo murder of selena party crews proposition 187 xicanx culture anti mexican sentiment caló chicano art chicano cinema chicano literature chicano names chicano poetry chicano park chicano rock chicano rap cinco de mayo estrada courts murals 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chicano poets u s communities with hispanic majority mexican americans writers list of hispanic and latino americans bibliography list of mexican american communities list of mexican american political organizations list of chicano and mexican monuments and memorials in california category chicano category american people of mexican descent v t e united states equal protection and criminal procedure case law selective prosecution mccleskey v kemp 1987 united states v armstrong 1996 united states v bass 2002 discrimination in jury selection history racial discrimination in jury selection women in united states juries racial exclusion in venire strauder v west virginia 1880 virginia v rives 1880 neal v delaware 1881 gibson v mississippi 1896 smith v mississippi 1896 carter v texas 1900 tarrance v florida 1903 brownfield v south carolina 1903 rogers v alabama 1904 franklin v south carolina 1910 norris v alabama 1935 patterson v alabama 1935 hale v kentucky 1938 smith v texas 1940 hill v texas 1942 patton v mississippi 1947 cassell v texas 1950 avery v georgia 1953 hernandez v texas 1954 eubanks v louisiana 1958 coleman v alabama 1967 vasquez v hillery 1986 fair cross section in venire glasser v united states 1942 thiel v southern pacific co 1946 ballard v united states 1946 taylor v louisiana 1975 duren v missouri 1979 holland v illinois 1990 berghuis v smith 2010 peremptory challenges batson v kentucky 1986 griffith v kentucky 1987 ford v georgia 1991 powers v ohio 1991 edmonson v leesville concrete company 1991 hernandez v new york 1991 trevino v texas 1992 georgia v mccollum 1992 j e b v alabama ex rel t b 1994 purkett v elem 1995 miller el v cockrell 2003 johnson v california 2005 miller el v dretke 2005 rice v collins 2006 snyder v louisiana 2008 rivera v illinois 2009 thaler v haynes 2010 felkner v jackson 2011 foster v chatman 2015 flowers v mississippi 2019 glasser interpreted the impartial jury clause of the sixth amendment thiel and edmonson were civil cases v t e united states fourteenth amendment case law citizenship clause slaughter house cases 1873 minor v happersett 1875 elk v wilkins 1884 united states v wong kim ark 1898 mackenzie v hare 1915 perez v brownell 1958 afroyim v rusk 1967 rogers v bellei 1971 vance v terrazas 1980 saenz v roe 1999 trump v barbara 2026 due process clause economic substantive due process mugler v kansas 1887 allgeyer v louisiana 1897 holden v hardy 1898 lochner v new york 1905 muller v oregon 1908 coppage v kansas 1915 buchanan v warley 1917 adams v tanner 1917 o gorman young inc v hartford fire insurance co 1931 west coast hotel co v parrish 1937 abortion jurisprudence united states v vuitch 1971 roe v wade 1973 doe v bolton 1973 planned parenthood of central missouri v danforth 1976 bellotti v baird i 1976 colautti v franklin 1979 bellotti v baird ii 1979 h l v matheson 1981 city of akron v akron center for reproductive health 1983 thornburgh v american college of obstetricians gynecologists 1986 webster v reproductive health services 1989 hodgson v minnesota 1990 planned parenthood v casey 1992 mazurek v armstrong 1997 stenberg v carhart 2000 ayotte v planned parenthood of northern new england 2006 gonzales v carhart 2007 whole woman s health v hellerstedt 2016 azar v garza 2018 box v planned parenthood of indiana and kentucky inc 2019 june medical services llc v russo 2020 dobbs v jackson women s health organization 2022 right to privacy meyer v nebraska 1923 pierce v society of sisters 1925 griswold v connecticut 1965 roe v wade 1973 doe v bolton 1973 bowers v hardwick 1986 webster v reproductive health services 1989 planned parenthood v casey 1992 lawrence v texas 2003 dobbs v jackson women s health organization 2022 litigation under r s 1979 42 u s c 1983 monroe v pape 1961 mcneese v board of education 1963 pierson v ray 1967 jenkins v mckeithen 1969 scheuer v rhodes 1974 wood v strickland 1975 o connor v donaldson 1975 paul v davis 1976 imbler v pachtman 1976 monell v department of social services of the city of new york 1978 procunier v navarette 1978 owen v city of independence 1980 harlow v fitzgerald 1982 felder v casey 1988 will v michigan department of state police 1989 gonzaga university v doe 2002 inyo county v paiute shoshone indians of the bishop community 2003 city of rancho palos verdes v abrams 2005 fitzgerald v barnstable school committee 2009 ashcroft v iqbal 2009 los angeles county v humphries 2010 connick v thompson 2011 other jacobson v massachusetts 1905 zucht v king 1922 buck v bell 1927 powell v alabama 1932 mullane v central hanover bank trust co 1950 naacp v alabama 1958 hoyt v florida 1961 oyler v boles 1962 loving v virginia 1967 epperson v arkansas 1968 in re winship 1971 cleveland board of education v lafleur 1974 arnett v kennedy 1974 taylor v louisiana 1975 goss v lopez 1975 mathews v eldridge 1976 moore v city of east cleveland 1977 duren v missouri 1979 parham v j r 1979 parratt v taylor 1981 logan v zimmerman brush co 1982 kolender v lawson 1983 hudson v palmer 1984 cleveland board of education v loudermill 1985 edwards v aguillard 1987 turner v safley 1987 deshaney v winnebago county 1989 michael h v gerald d 1989 cruzan v director missouri department of health 1990 washington v glucksberg 1997 troxel v granville 2000 caperton v a t massey coal co 2009 obergefell v hodges 2015 williams v pennsylvania 2016 equal protection clause race pace v alabama 1883 yick wo v hopkins 1886 plessy v ferguson 1896 cumming v richmond county board of education 1899 lum v rice 1927 smith v texas 1940 hirabayashi v united states 1943 korematsu v united states 1944 sipuel v board of regents of the university of oklahoma 1948 shelley v kraemer 1948 perez v sharp cal 1948 sweatt v painter 1950 mclaurin v oklahoma state regents 1950 brown v board of education 1954 briggs v elliott davis v county school board of prince edward county gebhart v belton lucy v adams 1955 browder v gayle m d ala 1956 anderson v martin 1964 griffin v county school board of prince edward county 1964 mclaughlin v florida 1964 reitman v mulkey 1967 loving v virginia 1967 lee v washington 1968 green v county school board of new kent county 1968 hunter v erickson 1969 hadnott v amos 1969 united states v montgomery county board of education 1969 alexander v holmes county board of education 1969 swann v charlotte mecklenburg board of education 1971 mcdaniel v barresi 1971 palmer v thompson 1971 coit v green 1971 guey heung lee v johnson 1971 jefferson v hackney 1972 keyes v school district no 1 denver 1973 norwood v harrison 1973 milliken v bradley 1974 village of arlington heights v metropolitan housing development corp 1977 dayton bd of ed v brinkman 1977 regents of the university of california v bakke 1978 washington v seattle school dist no 1 1982 crawford v los angeles board of education 1982 palmore v sidoti 1984 hunter v underwood 1985 wygant v jackson board of education 1986 city of richmond v j a croson co 1989 board of education of oklahoma city v dow...