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d record subsidies terminology au na nz uk transport portal v t e see also passenger rail terminology a pair of italian fs etr 500 at firenze santa maria novella railway station the version etr 500 y1 achieved 362 km h 225 mph on the bologna florence line on 4 february 2009 a new world speed record in a tunnel 6 multiple definitions for high speed rail are in use worldwide with various international organisations and regional bodies establishing different standards several countries have also developed their own legal definitions and technical standards for high speed rail international union of railways definition edit the international union of railways uic identifies three categories of high speed rail 7 category i new tracks specially constructed for high speeds allowing a maximum running speed of at least 250 km h 155 mph category ii existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km h 124 mph category iii existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km h but with some sections having a lower allowable speed for example due to topographic constraints or passage through urban areas a third definition of high speed and very high speed rail 8 requires simultaneous fulfilment of the following two conditions 7 maximum achievable running speed in excess of 200 km h 124 mph or 250 km h 155 mph for very high speed average running speed across the corridor in excess of 150 km h 93 mph or 200 km h 124 mph for very high speed the international union of railways prefers to use definitions plural because they consider that there is no single standard definition of high speed rail nor even standard usage of the terms high speed or very high speed they make use of the european ec directive 96 48 stating that high speed is a combination of all the elements which constitute the system infrastructure rolling stock and operating conditions 9 the international union of railways states that high speed rail is a set of unique features not merely a train travelling above a particular speed many conventionally hauled trains are able to reach 200 km h 124 mph in commercial service but are not considered to be high speed trains these include the french sncf intercités and german db ic the criterion of 200 km h 124 mph is selected for several reasons above this speed the impacts of geometric defects are intensified track adhesion is decreased aerodynamic resistance is greatly increased pressure fluctuations within tunnels cause passenger discomfort and it becomes difficult for drivers to identify trackside signalling 7 standard signaling equipment is often limited to speeds below 200 km h 124 mph with the traditional limits of 127 km h 79 mph in the us 160 km h 99 mph in germany and 125 mph 201 km h in britain above those speeds positive train control or the european train control system becomes necessary or legally mandatory european union definition edit the european union directive 96 48 ec annex 1 see also trans european high speed rail network defines high speed rail in terms of infrastructure track built specially for high speed travel or specially upgraded for high speed travel minimum speed limit minimum speed of 250 km h 155 mph on lines specially built for high speed and of about 200 km h 124 mph on existing lines which have been specially upgraded this must apply to at least one section of the line rolling stock must be able to reach a speed of at least 200 km h to be considered high speed operating conditions rolling stock must be designed alongside its infrastructure for complete compatibility safety and quality of service 9 national legal definitions edit some national legal definitions of high speed rail include australia edit according to the high speed rail authority act 2022 high speed rail in australia is defined as a railway capable of supporting trains that can travel at speeds exceeding 250 km h 10 as of 2026 australia has one planned railway which would meet their definition 11 china edit according to china s ministry of railways order no 34 2013 high speed rail refers to new passenger rail lines designed to operate at speeds of 250 km h or higher with initial service running at least 200 km h 12 japan edit the first law defining high speed rail was japan s nationwide shinkansen railways construction and improvement act ja act no 71 of may 18 1970 13 article 2 of this law provided the following definition an artery railway that is capable of operating at the speed of 200km h or more in its predominating section 14 this law formalised the definition of high speed railways in japan and established a framework for the shinkansen network which had started operation in 1964 15 south korea edit south korea defines high speed rail through the railway service act 2004 16 which categorises railway lines and trains into three types high speed railway lines can run at speeds of 300 km h or more on the majority of tracks semi high speed railway lines can run at speeds between 200 km h to 300 km h on the majority of tracks conventional lines can run at a maximum speed of less than 200 km h on the majority of tracks the act also categorises trains into corresponding types based on their maximum speeds united states edit united states federal law defines high speed rail as intercity passenger rail service expected to reach speeds of at least 110 miles per hour 180 km h 17 history edit railways were the first form of rapid land transport and had an effective monopoly on long distance passenger traffic until the development of the motor car and airliners in the early to mid 20th century speed had always been an important factor for railways and they constantly tried to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times rail transport in the late 19th century was not much slower than non high speed trains today and many railways regularly operated relatively fast express trains which averaged speeds of around 100 km h 62 mph 18 early research edit the german 1903 record holder first experiments edit high speed rail development began in germany in 1899 when the prussian state railway joined with ten electrical and engineering firms and electrified 72 km 45 mi of military owned railway between marienfelde and zossen the line used three phase current at 10 kilovolts and 45 hz citation needed the van der zypen charlier company of deutz cologne built two railcars one fitted with electrical equipment from siemens halske the second with equipment from allgemeine elektricitäts gesellschaft aeg that were tested on the marienfelde zossen line during 1902 and 1903 see experimental three phase railcar citation needed on 23 october 1903 the s h equipped railcar achieved a speed of 206 7 km h 128 4 mph and on 27 october the aeg equipped railcar achieved 210 2 km h 130 6 mph 19 these trains demonstrated the feasibility of electric high speed rail however regularly scheduled electric high speed rail travel was still more than 30 years away high speed aspirations edit after the breakthrough of electric railroads it was clearly the infrastructure especially the cost of it which hampered the introduction of high speed rail several disasters happened derailments head on collisions on single track lines collisions with road traffic at grade crossings etc the physical laws were well known i e if the speed was doubled the curve radius should be quadrupled the same was true for the acceleration and braking distances károly zipernowsky in 1891 engineer károly zipernowsky proposed a high speed line from vienna to budapest for electric railcars at 250 km h 160 mph 20 in 1893 wellington adams proposed an air line from chicago to st louis of 252 miles 406 km 21 at a speed of only 160 km h 99 mph 1907 map showing the projected chicago new york electric air line railroad alexander c miller had greater ambitions in 1906 he launched the chicago new york electric air line railroad project to reduce the running time between the two big cities to ten hours by using electric 160 km h 99 mph locomotives after seven years of effort less than 50 km 31 mi of straight track was finished 21 a part of the line is still used as one of the last interurbans in the us the south shore line high speed interurbans edit in the us some of the interurbans i e trams or streetcars which run from city to city of the early 20th century were very high speed for their time also europe had and still does have some interurbans several high speed rail technologies have their origin in the interurban field in 1903 30 years before the conventional railways started to streamline their trains the officials of the louisiana purchase exposition organised the electric railway test commission to conduct a series of tests to develop a carbody design that would reduce wind resistance at high speeds a long series of tests was carried 22 in 1905 st louis car company built a railcar for the traction magnate henry e huntington capable of speeds approaching 160 km h 100 mph once it ran 32 km 20 mi between los angeles and long beach in 15 minutes an average speed of 130 km h 80 mph 23 however it was too heavy for much of the tracks so cincinnati car company j g brill and others pioneered lightweight constructions use of aluminium alloys and low level bogies which could operate smoothly at extremely high speeds on rough interurban tracks westinghouse and general electric designed motors compact enough to be mounted on the bogies from 1930 on the red devils from cincinnati car company and some other interurban rail cars reached about 145 km h 90 mph in commercial traffic the red devils weighed only 22 tons though they could seat 44 passengers extensive wind tunnel research the first in the railway industry was done before j g brill in 1931 built the bullet cars for philadelphia and western railroad p w they were capable of running at 148 km h 92 mph 24 some of them were almost 60 years in service 25 p w s norristown high speed line is still in use almost 110 years after p w in 1907 opened their double track upper darby strafford line without a single grade crossing with roads or other railways the entire line was governed by an absolute block signal system 26 early german high speed network edit the german fliegender hamburger on 15 may 1933 the deutsche reichsbahn gesellschaft company introduced the diesel powered fliegender hamburger in regular service between hamburg and berlin 286 km or 178 mi thereby achieving a new top speed for a regular service with a top speed of 160 km h 99 mph this train was a streamlined multi powered unit albeit diesel and used jakobs bogies following the success of the hamburg line the steam powered henschel wegmann train was developed and introduced in june 1936 for service from berlin to dresden with a regular top speed of 160 km h 99 mph incidentally no train service since the cancelation of this express train in 1939 has traveled between the two cities in a faster time as of 2018 update citation needed in august 2019 the travel time between dresden neustadt and berlin südkreuz was 102 minutes 27 see berlin dresden railway further development allowed the usage of these fliegenden züge flying trains on a rail network across germany citation needed the diesel schnelltriebwagen netz diesel high speed vehicle network had been in the planning since 1934 but it never reached its envisaged size all high speed service stopped in august 1939 shortly before the outbreak of world war ii 28 united states streamliners edit burlington zephyr passenger train on 26 may 1934 one year after fliegender hamburger introduction the burlington railroad set an average speed record on long distance with their new streamlined train the zephyr at 124 km h 77 mph with peaks at 185 km h 115 mph the zephyr was made of stainless steel and like the fliegender hamburger was diesel powered articulated with jacobs bogies and could reach 160 km h 99 mph as commercial speed the new service was inaugurated 11 november 1934 traveling between kansas city and lincoln but at a lower speed than the record on average speed 74 km h 46 mph 29 in 1935 the milwaukee road introduced the morning hiawatha service hauled at 160 km h 99 mph by steam locomotives in 1939 the largest railroad of the world the pennsylvania railroad introduced a duplex steam engine class s1 which was designed to be capable of hauling 1200 ton passenger trains at 161 km h 100 mph the s1 engine was assigned to power the popular all coach overnight premier train the trail blazer between new york and chicago since the late 1940s and it consistently reached 161 km h 100 mph in its service life these were the last high speed trains to use steam power in 1936 the twin cities zephyr entered service from chicago to minneapolis with an average speed of 101 km h 63 mph 30 many of these streamliners posted travel times comparable to or better than their modern amtrak successors which are limited to 127 km h 79 mph top speed on most of the network italian electric and the last steam record edit the original italian etr 200 trainset of the speed world record 203 km h or 126 mph in 1938 now preserved as historical train was re numbered etr 232 in the 1960s the german high speed service was followed in italy in 1938 with an electric multiple unit etr 200 designed for 200 km h 120 mph between bologna and naples it too reached 160 km h 99 mph in commercial service and achieved a world mean speed record of 203 km h 126 mph between florence and milan in 1938 in great britain in the same year the streamlined steam locomotive mallard achieved the official world speed record for steam locomotives at 202 58 km h 125 88 mph the external combustion engines and boilers on steam locomotives were large heavy and time and labor intensive to maintain and the days of steam for high speed were numbered introduction of the talgo system edit in 1945 a spanish engineer alejandro goicoechea developed a streamlined articulated train that was able to run on existing tracks at higher speeds than contemporary passenger trains this was achieved by providing the locomotive and cars with a unique axle system that used one axle set per car end connected by a y bar coupler amongst other advantages the centre of mass was only half as high as usual 31 this system became famous under the name of talgo tren articulado ligero goicoechea oriol and for half a century was the main spanish provider of high speed trains first above 300 km h developments edit the french cc 7100 1955 record holder in the early 1950s the french national railway started to receive their new powerful cc 7100 electric locomotives and began to study and evaluate running at higher speeds in 1954 the cc 7121 hauling a full train achieved a record 243 km h 151 mph during a test on standard track the next year two specially tuned electric locomotives the cc 7107 and the prototype bb 9004 broke previous speed records reaching r...