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nal gazette which first appeared on october 31 1791 soon became the most outspoken critic of the administration of adams hamilton and washington and an ardent advocate of the french revolution fenno and freneau in the gazette of the united states and the national gazette at once came to grips and the campaign of personal and party abuse in partisan news reports in virulent editorials in poems and skits of every kind was echoed from one end of the country to the other the national gazette closed in 1793 due to circulation problems and the political backlash against jefferson and madison s financial involvement in founding the paper 21 the other republican paper of primary importance was the aurora general advertiser founded on october 2 1790 by ben franklin s grandson and heir benjamin franklin bache the aurora published from franklin court in philadelphia was the most strident newspaper of its time attacking john adams anti democratic policies on a daily basis no paper is thought to have given adams more trouble than the aurora his wife abigail wrote frequent letters to her sister and others decrying what she considered the slander spewing forth from the aurora jefferson credited the aurora with averting a disastrous war with france and laying the groundwork for his own election following bache s death the result of his staying in philadelphia during a yellow fever epidemic while he was awaiting trial under the sedition act william duane an immigrant from ireland led the paper until 1822 and married bache s widow following the death of his own wife in the same yellow fever epidemic like freneau bache and duane were involved in a daily back and forth with the federalist editors especially fenno and cobbett noah webster strapped for money accepted an offer in late 1793 from alexander hamilton of 1 500 to move to new york city and edit a federalist newspaper in december he founded new york s first daily newspaper american minerva later known as the commercial advertiser he edited it for four years writing the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials he also published the semi weekly publication the herald a gazette for the country later known as the new york spectator as a partisan he soon was denounced by the jeffersonian republicans as a pusillanimous half begotten self dubbed patriot an incurable lunatic and a deceitful newsmonge pedagogue and quack fellow federalist cobbett labeled him a traitor to the cause of federalism calling him a toad in the service of sans culottism a prostitute wretch a great fool and a barefaced liar a spiteful viper and a maniacal pedant the master of words was distressed even the use of words like the people democracy and equality in public debate bothered him for such words were metaphysical abstractions that either have no meaning or at least none that mere mortals can comprehend the first party newspapers were full of vituperation as one historian comments it was however with the newspaper editors on both sides that a climax of rancorous and venomous abuse was reached of the federalist editors the most voluminous masters of scurrility were william cobbett of porcupine s gazette and john ward fenno of the united states gazette at philadelphia noah webster of the american minerva at new york and at boston benjamin russell of the columbian centinel thomas paine of the federal orrery and john russell of the boston gazette chief of these was cobbett whose control of abusive epithet and invective may be judged from the following terms applied by him to his political foes the jacobins refuse of nations yelper of the democratic kennels vile old wretch tool of a baboon frog eating man eating blood drinking cannibals i say beware ye under strapping cut throats who walk in rags and sleep amidst filth and vermin for if once the halter gets round your flea bitten necks howling and confessing will come too late he wrote of the base and hellish calumnies propagated by the jacobins and of tearing the mask from the artful and ferocious villains who owing to the infatuation of the poor and the supineness of the rich have made such fearful progress in the destruction of all that is amiable and good and sacred among men among the milder examples of his description of jacobins was the following where the voice of the people has the most weight in public affairs there it is most easy to introduce novel and subversive doctrines in such states too there generally not to say always exists a party who from the long habit of hating those who administer the government become the enemies of the government itself and are ready to sell their treacherous services to the first bidder to these descriptions of men the sect of the jacobins have attached themselves in every country they have been suffered to enter they are a sort of flies that naturally settle on the excremental and corrupted parts of the body politic the persons who composed this opposition and who thence took the name of anti federalists were not equal to the federalists either in point of riches or respectability they were in general men of bad moral characters embarrassed in their private affairs or the tools of such as were men of this caste naturally feared the operation of a government imbued with sufficient strength to make itself respected and with sufficient wisdom to exclude the ignorant and wicked from a share in its administration 22 this decade of violence was nevertheless one of development in both the quality and the power of newspapers news reporting was extended to new fields of local affairs and the intense rivalry of all too numerous competitors awoke the beginnings of that rush for the earliest reports which was to become the dominant trait in american journalism the editor evolved into a new type as a man of literary skill or a politician or a lawyer with a gift for polemical writing he began to supersede the contributors of essays as the strongest writer on the paper much of the best writing and of the rankest scurrility be it said was produced by editors born and trained abroad like bache of the aurora cobbett cooper gales cheetham callender lyon and holt of the whole number of papers in the country towards the end of the decade more than one hundred and fifty at least twenty opposed to the administration were conducted by aliens the power wielded by these anti administration editors impressed john adams who in 1801 wrote if we had been blessed with common sense we should not have been overthrown by philip freneau duane callender cooper and lyon or their great patron and protector a group of foreign liars encouraged by a few ambitious native gentlemen have discomfited the education the talents the virtues and the prosperity of the country the most obvious example of that federalist lack of common sense was the passage of the alien and sedition laws in 1798 to protect the government from the libels of editors the result was a dozen convictions and a storm of outraged public opinion that threw the party from power and gave the jeffersonian republican press renewed confidence and the material benefit of patronage when the republicans took control of the government in 1800 the republican party was especially effective in building a network of newspapers in major cities to broadcast its statements and editorialize in its favor fisher ames a leading federalist blamed the newspapers for electing jefferson they were an overmatch for any government the jacobins owe their triumph to the unceasing use of this engine not so much to skill in use of it as by repetition 23 the newspapers continued to be primarily party organs the tone remained strongly partisan though it gradually gained poise and attained a degree of literary excellence and professional dignity the typical weekly newspaper had a paid circulation of 500 the growth of the postal system with free local and statewide transportation of newspapers allowed the emergence of powerful state newspapers that closely reflected and shaped party views growth edit growth in newspapers the number and geographical distribution of newspapers grew apace in 1800 there were between 150 and 200 by 1810 there were 366 and during the next two decades the increase was at least as rapid 24 with astonishing promptness the press followed the sparse population as it trickled westward and down the ohio or penetrated the more northerly forests by 1835 papers had spread to the mississippi river and beyond from texas to st louis throughout ohio indiana illinois michigan and into wisconsin these pioneer papers poorly written poorly printed and partisan often beyond all reason served a greater purpose than merely local in sending weekly to every locality their hundreds of messages of good and evil report of politics and trade of weather and crops that helped immeasurably to bind the far flung population into a nation 25 26 every congressman wrote regularly to his own local paper other correspondents were called upon for like service and in some instances the country editors established extensive and reliable lines of intelligence but most of them depended on the bundle of exchanges from washington philadelphia and new york and reciprocally the city papers made good use of their country exchanges 27 28 as the number of cities with populations of 8 000 or more grew rapidly so too did the number of daily newspapers the first had appeared in philadelphia and new york in 1784 and 1785 in 1796 one appeared in boston by 1810 there were twenty seven in the country one in the city of washington five in maryland seven in new york nine in pennsylvania three in south carolina and two in louisiana as early as 1835 the detroit free press began its long career 29 30 the press in the party system 1820 1890 edit this section is based on newspapers 1775 1860 by frank w scott dead link the political and journalistic situation made the administration organ one of the period s characteristic features fenno s gazette had served the purpose for washington and adams but the first great example of the type was the national intelligencer established in october 1800 by samuel harrison smith to support the administration of jefferson and of successive presidents until after jackson it was thrown into the opposition and the united states telegraph edited by duff green became the official paper it was replaced at the close of 1830 by a new paper the globe under the editorship of francis p blair one of the ablest of all ante bellum political editors who with john p rives conducted it until the changing standards and conditions in journalism rendered the administration organ obsolescent the globe was displaced in 1841 by another paper called the national intelligencer which in turn gave way to the madisonian thomas ritchie was in 1845 called from his long service on the richmond enquirer to found on the remains of the globe the washington union to speak for the polk administration and to reconcile the factions of democracy neither the union nor its successors which maintained the semblance of official support until 1860 ever occupied the commanding position held by the telegraph and the globe but for forty years the administration organs had been the leaders when political journalism was dominant their influence was shared and increased by such political editors as m m noah and james watson webb of the new york courier and enquirer solomon southwick of the albany register edwin croswell who edited the argus and who supported by martin van buren and others formed what was known as the albany regency the regency the richmond junta which centered in the enquirer and the kitchen cabinet headed by the editor of the globe formed one of the most powerful political and journalistic cabals that the country has ever known their decline in the late thirties coincided with great changes both political and journalistic and though successors arose their kind was not again so prominent or influential the newspaper of national scope was passing away yielding to the influence of the telegraph and the railroad which robbed the washington press of its claim to prestige as the chief source of political news at the same time politics was losing its predominant importance the public had many other interests and a new spirit and type of journalism was being trained to make greater and more various demands upon the journalistic resources of its papers the administration organ presents but one aspect of a tendency in which political newspapers generally gained in editorial individuality and both the papers and their editors acquired greater personal and editorial influence the beginnings of the era of personal journalism were to be found early in the 19th century even before nathan hale had shown the way to editorial responsibility thomas ritchie in the richmond enquirer in the second decade of the century had combined with an effective development of the established use of anonymous letters on current questions a system of editorial discussion that soon extended his reputation and the influence of his newspaper far beyond the boundaries of virginia washington barrow and the nashville banner amos kendall and the argus of western america g w kendall and the new orleans picayune john m francis and the troy times and charles hammond and the cincinnati gazette to mention but a few among many illustrate the rise of editors to individual power and prominence in the third and later decades notable among these political editors was john moncure daniel who just before 1850 became editor of the richmond examiner and soon made it the leading newspaper of the south perhaps no better example need be sought of brilliant invective and literary pungency in american journalism just prior to and during the civil war than in daniel s contributions to the examiner though it could still be said that too many of our gazettes are in the hands of persons destitute at once of the urbanity of gentlemen the information of scholars and the principles of virtue a fact due largely to the intensity of party spirit the profession was by no means without editors who exhibited all these qualities and put them into american journalism alexander hamilton founded the new york evening post the present day new york post in 1801 with well regarded william coleman as editor 31 indeed the problem most seriously discussed at the earliest state meetings of editors and publishers held in the thirties was improving the press s tone they tried by joint resolution to attain a degree of editorial self restraint which few individual editors had yet acquired under the influence of thomas ritchie vigorous and unsparing political editor but always a gentleman who presided at the first meeting of virginia journalists the newspaper men in one state after another resolved to abandon the infamous practice of pampering the vilest of appetites by violating the sanctity of private life and indulging in gross per...