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nks toggle the table of contents puerto ricans 24 languages مصرى deutsch español eesti français hrvatski հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano ქართული қазақша 한국어 ladino lietuvių latviešu polski português русский русиньскый srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english shqip türkçe oʻzbekcha ўзбекча edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from history of puerto ricans for puerto ricans in the united states see stateside puerto ricans ethnic group puerto ricans puertorriqueños boricuas flag of puerto rico total population puerto ricans 9 million diaspora 6 million 1 2 regions with significant populations puerto rico 2024 3 063 719 3 united states 2024 6 110 356 4 u s virgin islands 2020 7 759 5 dominican republic 2015 6 083 6 canada 2016 3 405 7 mexico 2000 1 970 8 brazil 2025 621 9 netherlands 2019 241 10 languages mostly spanish also english and spanglish religion catholicism 11 protestantism related ethnic groups spaniards canarians taínos black latin americans white latin americans dominicans cubans venezuelans colombians panamanians mexicans brazilians virgin islanders other americans mainland usa other latin americans other caribbean people mulatto mestizo part of a series on puerto ricans by region or country united states chicago hawaii holyoke massachusetts new york city philadelphia subgroups african chinese french corsican german irish italian jewish spanish taíno culture art cinema cuisine dance education flag language literature music politics sports television religion christianity judaism islam history royal decree of graces of 1815 jones shafroth act language spanish castilian vocabulary puerto rico portal v t e puerto ricans spanish puertorriqueños pweɾtoriˈkeɲos 12 13 commonly referred to using the endonym boricuas a 14 but also occasionally referred to as borinqueños borincanos b or puertorros c 15 are an ethnic group based in the caribbean archipelago and island of puerto rico and a nation identified with the commonwealth of puerto rico through ancestry culture or history puerto ricans are predominately a tri racial spanish speaking christian society descending in varying degrees from indigenous peoples including the ciguayos macorix and taínos spanish and other european colonists and west and central african slaves freedmen and free blacks as citizens of a u s territory puerto ricans have automatic birthright american citizenship and are considerably influenced by american culture the population of puerto ricans is between 9 and 10 million worldwide with the overwhelming majority residing in puerto rico and the mainland united states overview main article demographics of puerto rico the culture held in common by most puerto ricans is referred to as a western culture largely derived from the traditions of spain and more specifically andalusia and the canary islands puerto rico has also received immigration from other parts of spain such as catalonia as well as from other european countries such as france ireland italy and germany citation needed puerto rico has also been influenced by african culture with many puerto ricans partially descended from africans afro puerto ricans of unmixed african descent are a minority studies in population genetics have concluded that puerto rican gene pool is on average predominantly european with a significant sub saharan african north african guanche and indigenous american substrate the latter two originating partly from the indigenous people of the canary islands as well as indigenous peoples of the americas such as puerto rico s pre columbian taíno inhabitants 16 17 18 19 20 21 the population of puerto ricans and descendants is estimated to be between 8 and 10 million worldwide with most living on the islands of puerto rico and in the united states mainland within the united states puerto ricans are present in all states and the states with the largest populations of puerto ricans are new york florida new jersey and pennsylvania with large populations also in massachusetts connecticut california illinois and texas 22 23 for 2009 24 the american community survey estimates give a total of 3 859 026 puerto ricans classified as native puerto ricans it also gives a total of 3 644 515 91 9 of the population being born in puerto rico and 201 310 5 1 born in the united states the total population born outside puerto rico is 322 773 8 1 of the 108 262 who were foreign born outside the united states 2 7 of puerto ricans 92 9 were born in latin america 3 8 in europe 2 7 in asia 0 2 in northern america and 0 1 in africa and oceania each 25 number of puerto ricans population 1765 1897 the demographics during spanish rule of puerto rico were ethnic composition of puerto rico 1765 1897 1765 population percent 1802 population percent 1897 population percent white 17 572 39 2 white 78 281 48 0 white 573 187 64 3 african 2 5 037 11 2 african 16 414 10 0 african 75 824 8 6 other incl african mulatto indigenous 1 22 274 49 6 mulatto 55 164 33 8 mixed 241 900 27 1 other african 2 13 333 8 2 puerto rico 44 833 100 0 puerto rico 163 192 100 0 puerto rico 890 911 100 0 sources 1765 first census 26 27 1802 census 27 28 1897 census 29 1 indigenous taíno and arawak peoples 2 slave population current population and ethnic identity 2020 self identified racial and ethnic composition in puerto rico 2020 census 30 ethnicity white 560 592 17 1 black or african american 228 711 7 0 asian 4 001 0 1 two or more races 1 635 791 49 8 american indian 17 870 0 5 native hawaiian and other pacific islander 593 0 0 other races 838 316 25 5 total 3 285 874 31 100 0 ancestry and genetics this article is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style october 2019 learn how and when to remove this message crowd gathering on a street in puerto rico in 1939 photographed by robert yarnall richie the original inhabitants of puerto rico were indigenous peoples including the taíno who called the island borinquen or boriquen however as in other parts of the americas the native people soon diminished in number after the arrival of spanish settlers besides miscegenation the negative impact on the numbers of amerindian people especially in puerto rico was almost entirely the result of old world diseases that the amerindians had no natural bodily defenses against including measles chicken pox mumps influenza and even the common cold in fact it was estimated that the majority of all the amerindian inhabitants of the new world died out due to contact and contamination with those old world diseases while those that survived were further reduced through deaths by warfare with spanish colonizers and settlers thousands of spanish settlers also immigrated to puerto rico from the canary islands during the 18th and 19th centuries so many so that whole puerto rican villages and towns were founded by canarian immigrants and their descendants would later form a majority of the population on the island citation needed in 1791 the slaves in saint domingue haiti revolted against their french masters many of the french escaped to puerto rico via what is now the dominican republic and settled in the west coast of the island especially in mayagüez some puerto ricans are of british heritage most notably scottish people and english people who came to reside there in the 17th and 18th centuries citation needed when spain revived the royal decree of graces of 1815 with the intention of attracting non spanish europeans to settle in the island thousands of corsicans though the island was french since 1768 the population spoke an italian dialect similar to tuscan italian during the 19th century immigrated to puerto rico along with german immigrants as well as irish immigrants who were affected by the great famine of the 1840s immigrated to puerto rico they were followed by smaller waves from other european countries and china citation needed during the early 20th century jews began to settle in puerto rico the first large group of jews to settle in puerto rico were european refugees fleeing german occupied europe in the 1930s and 1940s the second influx of jews to the island came in the 1950s when thousands of cuban jews fled cuba after fidel castro came to power 32 ethnogenesis the native taíno population began to dwindle with the arrival of the spanish in the 16th century through disease and intermarriage 33 many spaniard men took taíno and west african wives and in the first centuries of the spanish colonial period the island was overwhelmingly racially mixed by 1530 there were 14 native women married to spaniards not to mention spaniards with concubines 34 under spanish rule mass immigration shifted the ethnic make up of the island as a result of the royal decree of graces of 1815 puerto rico went from being two thirds black and mulatto in the beginning of the 19th century to being nearly 80 white by the middle of the 20th century this was compounded by more flexible attitudes to race under spanish rule as epitomized by the regla del sacar 35 36 37 38 39 under spanish rule puerto rico had laws such as regla del sacar or gracias al sacar which allowed persons of mixed ancestry to pay a fee to be classified as white 40 which was the opposite of the one drop rule in us society after the american civil war 41 42 two men sit by the side of a road with the ocean behind them in puerto rico studies have shown that the racial ancestry mixture of the average puerto rican regardless of racial self identity is about 64 european 21 african and 15 indigenous with european ancestry strongest on the west side of the island and west african ancestry strongest on the east side and the levels of indigenous ancestry which according to some research ranges from about 5 35 generally highest in the southwest of the island 43 44 45 a study of a sample of 96 healthy self identified white puerto ricans and self identified black puerto ricans in the u s showed that although all carried a contribution from all 3 ancestral populations european african and amerindian the proportions showed significant variation depending on individuals although often correlating with their self identified race african ancestry ranged from less than 10 to over 50 while european ancestry ranged from under 20 to over 80 amerindian ancestry showed less fluctuation generally hovering between 5 and 20 irrespective of self identified race 46 47 48 the majority of the european ancestry in puerto ricans comes from southern spain more specifically the canary islands this is also true for many dominicans and cubans canarians are of partial guanche ancestry a north african berber ethnic group who were the original inhabitants before spanish conquest this means that by extension many puerto ricans have minuscule amounts of north african blood through the indigenous guanches of the canary islands 49 50 race and ethnicity white ramón power y giralt was a puerto rican military officer and politician main articles white puerto ricans and spanish settlement of puerto rico in the 1899 census taken the year spain ceded puerto rico to the united states following its invasion and annexation in the spanish american war 61 8 of the people were identified as white in the 2020 united states census the total of puerto ricans that self identified as white was 17 1 or 560 592 out of the 3 285 874 people living in puerto rico 30 down from 75 8 in the 2010 census reflecting a change in perceptions of race in puerto rico 35 51 52 for every united states census until 2010 most puerto ricans self identified as white 35 53 54 55 56 57 the european ancestry of puerto ricans comes primarily from one source spaniards including canarians catalans castilians galicians asturians andalusians and basques the canarian cultural influence in puerto rico is one of the most important components in which many villages were founded from these immigrants which started from 1493 to 1890 and beyond many spaniards especially canarians chose puerto rico because of its hispanic ties and relative proximity in comparison with other former spanish colonies they searched for security and stability in an environment similar to that of the canary islands and puerto rico was the most suitable this began as a temporary exile which became a permanent relocation and the last significant wave of spanish or european migration to puerto rico 58 59 other sources of european populations are corsicans french italians portuguese especially azoreans greeks germans irish scots maltese dutch english and danes black main article afro puerto ricans in the 2020 census 7 0 of people self identified as black 51 africans were brought by spanish conquistadors citation needed the vast majority of the africans who were brought to puerto rico did so as a result of the atlantic slave trade which took people from many groups in the african continent the slave trade particularly took west africans including the yoruba 60 and igbo peoples 60 and central africans like the kongo people indigenous main articles indigenous peoples of the caribbean mestizo and taíno indigenous people make up the third largest racial identity among puerto ricans comprising 0 5 of the population 51 30 although this self identification may be ethno political in nature since unmixed indigenous people no longer exist as a discrete genetic population native american admixture in puerto ricans ranges between about 5 and 35 with around 15 being the approximate average 61 47 48 45 puerto rico s self identified indigenous population therefore consist mostly of indigenous identified persons oftentimes with predominant indigenous ancestry but not always from within the genetically mestizo population of mixed european and amerindian ancestry even when most other puerto ricans of their exact same mixture would identify either as mixed race or even as white citation needed asian main articles asian puerto ricans chinese immigration to puerto rico and indo caribbean for its 2020 census the u s census bureau listed the following groups to constitute asian 62 asian indian bangladeshi bhutanese cambodian chinese filipino hmong indonesian japanese korean laotian malaysian nepalese pakistani sri lankan taiwanese thai vietnamese and other asian though the largest groups come from china and india these groups represented 0 1 of the population other josé campeche is the first known puerto rican visual artist main articles mulatt...