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ience artificial intelligence compiler construction early computer science operating systems programming languages prominent pioneers software engineering modern concepts general purpose cpus graphical user interface internet laptops personal computers video games world wide web cloud quantum by country bulgaria eastern bloc poland romania south america soviet union yugoslavia timeline of computing before 1950 1950 1979 1980 1989 1990 1999 2000 2009 2010 2019 2020 present more timelines glossary of computer science category v t e the concept of the cloud computing as a platform for distributed computing traces its roots back to 1993 at that time apple spin off general magic and at t utilized the term in the context of their telescript and personal link technologies 1 in an april 1994 feature by wired titled bill and andy s excellent adventure ii andy hertzfeld elaborated on telescript general magic s distributed programming language he described the expansive potential of the cloud the beauty of telescript is that now instead of just having a device to program we now have the entire cloud out there where a single program can go and travel to many different sources of information and create a sort of a virtual service no one had conceived that before the example jim white the designer of telescript x 400 and asn 1 uses now is a date arranging service where a software agent goes to the flower store and orders flowers and then goes to the ticket shop and gets the tickets for the show and everything is communicated to both parties 2 early history edit in 1963 the defense advanced research projects agency darpa funded project mac the first computer time sharing system 3 during the 1960s the initial concepts of time sharing became popularized via remote job entry rje 4 this terminology was mostly associated with large vendors such as ibm and dec full time sharing solutions were available by the early 1970s on such platforms as multics on ge hardware cambridge ctss and the earliest unix ports on dec hardware yet the data center model where users submitted jobs to operators to run on ibm mainframes was overwhelmingly predominant in the late 1980s the invention of the world wide web led to internet expansion and on premises data centers 5 in the 1990s telecommunications companies who previously offered primarily dedicated point to point data circuits began offering virtual private network vpn services with comparable quality of service but at a lower cost by switching traffic as they saw fit to balance server use they could use overall network bandwidth more effectively 6 they began to use the cloud symbol to denote the demarcation point between what the provider was responsible for and what users were responsible for cloud computing extended this boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure 7 as computers became more diffused scientists and technologists explored ways to make large scale computing power available to more users through time sharing 6 they experimented with algorithms to optimize the infrastructure platform and applications to prioritize tasks to be executed by cpus and to increase efficiency for end users 8 at the same time application service providers became popular and later evolved into software as a service saas 9 in 1999 medidata launched rave the first electronic data capture software for clinical data 10 the use of the cloud metaphor for virtualized services dates at least to general magic in 1994 where it was used to describe the universe of places that mobile agents in the telescript environment could go as described by andy hertzfeld the beauty of telescript says andy is that now instead of just having a device to program we now have the entire cloud out there where a single program can go and travel to many different sources of information and create a sort of a virtual service 11 the use of the cloud metaphor is credited to general magic communications employee david hoffman based on long standing use in networking and telecom in addition to use by general magic itself it was also used in promoting at t s associated personal link services 12 2000s edit in the 2000s service oriented architecture soa and web service frameworks popularized loose coupling coarse grained capabilities and composable services concepts that later led to and merged with the cloud computing service delivery models 13 14 in parallel software as a service saas emerged as an approach to delivering applications over the internet rather than via local or on premise installation 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 in 2002 amazon established its subsidiary amazon web services which allows developers to build applications independently 19 22 in 2006 amazon introduced simple storage service s3 in march and elastic compute cloud ec2 in august these services were among the first to use server virtualization to provide iaas on a pay as you go basis in the same year google launched google docs a saas model to edit and save documents online in 2007 netflix launches its online video streaming service the first saas streaming site 23 also ibm and google partnered with universities university of washington carnegie mellon university mit stanford university of maryland and uc berkeley to create a research server farm 24 this would later become the cluster exploratory program when the national science foundation funded the project in early 2008 25 in april 2008 google released the beta version of google app engine a paas that provides a fully managed infrastructure and platform for users to create web applications 26 27 in mid 2018 gartner noted the potential for cloud computing to reshape the relationship between it service consumers users and providers 28 nasa s nebula becomes the first open source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds in early 2009 29 later in the same year the french government announced the andromède project to establish a national cloud computing service the government committed 285 million to the initiative 30 31 the initiative ultimately failed leading to the shutdown of cloudwatt on 1 february 2020 32 33 2010s edit in february 2010 microsoft launched microsoft azure in february following its announcement in october 2008 34 five months later rackspace hosting and nasa initiated an open source cloud software project openstack this project aimed to facilitate organizations in offering cloud computing services on standard hardware the early codebase was sourced from nasa s nebula platform and rackspace s cloud files platform 35 36 in march 2011 ibm introduced the ibm smartcloud framework designed to support the smarter planet initiative 37 later that year the us government established the federal risk management program fedramp becoming the first government wide cloud services accreditation program with standardized risk assessment methodologies for cloud products and services later on october 12 icloud was launched allowing users to store personal information across multiple devices and share with other users 38 in june 2012 on june 7 oracle announced the oracle cloud 39 in may google compute engine was released in preview and subsequently rolled out into general availability in december 2013 40 also in 2013 docker launched as a paas model to host containers in the cloud for software development 41 in december 2019 amazon launched aws outposts a service that extends aws infrastructure services apis and tools to customer datacenters co location spaces or on premises facilities 42 2020s edit since the global pandemic of 2020 cloud technology jumped ahead in popularity due to the level of security of data and the flexibility of working options for all employees notably remote workers 43 for example zoom grew over 160 in 2020 alone 44 a survey of 750 organizations found that 90 increased their cloud usage more than planned during the pandemic for 29 it was significantly more than expected 45 this created a labor shortage of cloud architects among other specialized job roles 46 for example organizations posted 775 022 cloud computing jobs in 2020 an increase of 94 from 2017 47 security and privacy are still a major concern due to security breaches and one of the main focuses of research cloudchain a cloud oriented blockchain system is designed to increase the layers of security 48 currently global spending on cloud computing services has reached 706 billion and the international data corporation predicts it to reach 1 3 trillion by 2025 49 references edit at t 1993 what is the cloud youtube archived from the original on 2021 10 27 retrieved 2017 10 26 you can think of our electronic meeting place as the cloud personalink was built from the ground up to give handheld communicators and other devices easy access to a variety of services telescript is the revolutionary software technology that makes intelligent assistance possible invented by general magic at t is the first company to harness telescript and bring its benefits to people everywhere very shortly anyone with a computer a personal communicator or television will be able to use intelligent assistance in the cloud and our new meeting place is open so that anyone whether individual entrepreneur or a multinational company will be able to offer information goods and services steven levy april 1994 bill and andy s excellent adventure ii archived 2015 10 02 at the wayback machine wired project mac defense advanced research projects agency darpa retrieved june 28 2023 white j e 1971 network specifications for remote job entry and remote job output retrieval at ucsb tools ietf org doi 10 17487 rfc0105 archived from the original on 2016 03 30 retrieved 2016 03 21 loaiza enriquez rodolfo june 25 2021 cloud security posture management cspm in azure pdf metropolia university of applied sciences 1 2 cloud computing history www ibm com 2017 01 06 retrieved 2023 06 28 july 1993 meeting report from the ip over atm working group of the ietf ch switch archived from the original on 2012 09 22 retrieved 2010 08 22 corbató fernando j an experimental time sharing system sjcc proceedings mit archived from the original on 6 september 2009 retrieved 3 july 2012 jungck kathleen m rahman syed shawon 2011 06 20 cloud computing avoids downfall of application service providers pdf international journal of information technology convergence and services 1 3 1 20 doi 10 5121 ijitcs 2011 1301 s2cid 26010873 medidata history timeline medidata solutions retrieved 2023 06 28 levy steven april 1994 bill and andy s excellent adventure ii wired archived from the original on 2018 06 14 retrieved 2018 08 13 levy steven 2014 05 23 tech time warp of the week watch at t invent cloud computing in 1994 wired archived from the original on 2018 06 12 retrieved 2018 08 13 at t and the film s director david hoffman pulled out the cloud metaphor something that had long been used among networking and telecom types you can think of our electronic meeting place as the cloud says the film s narrator david hoffman the man who directed the film and shaped all that cloud imagery was a general magic employee 1 2 raines geoffrey 2009 cloud computing and soa pdf www mitre org the mitre corporation archived from the original pdf on 2024 04 22 retrieved 2026 03 25 1 2 what is windows communication foundation wcf microsoft learn retrieved 2026 03 25 sääksjärvi markku lassila aki 2005 role of the customer value in the software as a service concept empirical evaluation of the factors affecting the customer lock in of the online newspapers pdf www kti ue poznan pl retrieved 2026 03 25 mell peter grance timothy 2011 the nist definition of cloud computing pdf report nist special publication 800 145 national institute of standards and technology retrieved 2026 01 09 thuê cloud server retrieved 2026 03 25 announcing amazon s3 simple storage service aws amazon web services inc retrieved 2026 03 25 1 2 announcing amazon elastic compute cloud amazon ec2 beta amazon web services inc archived from the original on 2014 08 13 retrieved 2026 03 25 wylie wong 2010 07 30 the many faces of cloud technology solutions that drive government retrieved 2026 03 25 hall loura 2020 06 23 in cloud computing open source becomes big business nasa retrieved 2026 03 25 qian ling lou zhigou du yujian gou leitao cloud computing an overview researchgate net retrieved 19 april 2021 helft miguel 2007 01 16 netflix to deliver movies to the pc the new york times issn 0362 4331 retrieved 2023 06 28 naghshineh m ratnaparkhi r dillenberger d doran j r dorai c anderson l pacifici g snowdon j l azagury a vanderwiele m wolfsthal y july 2009 ibm research division cloud computing initiative ibm journal of research and development 53 4 1 1 1 10 doi 10 1147 jrd 2009 5429055 issn 0018 8646 cluster exploratory clue nsf08560 www nsf gov archived from the original on 2018 12 01 retrieved 2018 12 01 introducing google app engine our new blog google developer blog 2008 04 07 archived from the original on 2017 06 27 retrieved 2017 03 07 app engine cloud google com archived from the original on 17 january 2023 retrieved 19 april 2021 schurr amy keep an eye on cloud computing network world archived from the original on 2014 03 26 retrieved 2026 03 25 nebula cloud computing platform nasa open government at nasa 2012 11 20 archived from the original on 2016 05 09 retrieved 2020 11 15 285 millions d euros pour andromède le cloud souverain français le monde informatique 21 september 2011 archived from the original on 2011 10 23 hicks jacqueline 26 september 2019 digital colonialism why some countries want to take control of their people s data from big tech the conversation archived from the original on 2021 06 18 retrieved 2021 05 21 orange enterre cloudwatt qui fermera ses portes le 31 janvier 2020 www nextinpact com august 30 2019 archived from the original on october 24 2020 retrieved october 30 2020 cloudwatt vie et mort du premier cloud souverain de la france 29 august 2019 archived from the original on 23 october 2020 retrieved 30 october 2020 windows azure general availability the official microsoft blog microsoft 2010 02 01 archived from the original on 2014 05 11 retrieved 2015 05 03 milita datta august 9 2016 apache cloudstack vs openstack which is the best dzone cloud zone archived from the original on august 3 2017 retrieved may 29 2017 opennebula vs openstack modern trends in cloud computing yawdev blog 2024 11 05 archived from the original on 2024 12 02 retrieved 2026 03 25 launch of ibm smarter computing archived from the original on 20 april 2013 retrieved 1 march 2011 apple to launch icloud on october 12 apple newsroom retrieved 2023 06 28 launch of oracle cloud the register archived from the original on 4 march 2014 retrieved 28 february 2014 google compute engine is now generally available with expanded os support transparent maintenance and lower prices google developers blog 2013 12 02 archived from the original on 2016 03 04 retrieved 2...