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explain the presence of animal and human characteristics that seemed unrelated to survival such as humans lack of body hair and the peacock s tail he argued in terms of parental investment to explain contrasting male and female roles surrounding reproduction he introduced theories concerning group selection reciprocal altruism and kin selection to explain self sacrifice 3 4 5 darwin pondered why humans and animals were often generous to their group members darwin felt that acts of generosity decreased the fitness of generous individuals this fact contradicts natural selection which favored the fittest individual darwin concluded that while generosity decreased individual fitness it would increase group fitness in this case altruism arose due to competition between groups 6 the following quote from darwin s origin of species is often interpreted by evolutionary psychologists as an indication of his foreshadowing the emergence of the field in the distant future i see open fields for far more important researches psychology will be based on a new foundation that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation charles darwin 7 20th century edit darwin s theory inspired william james s functionalist approach to psychology 8 at the core of his theory was a system of instincts 9 james wrote that humans had many instincts even more than other animals 9 these instincts he said could be overridden by experience and by each other as many of the instincts were actually in conflict with each other 9 in their evolutionary psychology primer tooby and cosmides make note of james perspective and also quote him we do not realize that normal behavior needs to be explained at all this instinct blindness makes the study of psychology difficult to get past this problem james suggested that we try to make the natural seem strange it takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act to the metaphysician alone can such questions occur as why do we smile when pleased and not scowl why are we unable to talk to a crowd as we talk to a single friend why does a particular maiden turn our wits so upside down the common man can only say of course we smile of course our heart palpitates at the sight of the crowd of course we love the maiden that beautiful soul clad in that perfect form so palpably and flagrantly made for all eternity to be loved and so probably does each animal feel about the particular things it tends to do in the presence of particular objects to the lion it is the lioness which is made to be loved to the bear the she bear to the broody hen the notion would probably seem monstrous that there should be a creature in the world to whom a nestful of eggs was not the utterly fascinating and precious and never to be too much sat upon object which it is to her thus we may be sure that however mysterious some animals instincts may appear to us our instincts will appear no less mysterious to them william james 1890 in our view william james was right about evolutionary psychology making the natural seem strange is unnatural it requires the twisted outlook seen for example in gary larson cartoons yet it is a pivotal part of the enterprise many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences thinking that there is nothing there to be explained according to noam chomsky perhaps anarchist thinker peter kropotkin could be credited as having founded evolutionary psychology when in his 1902 book mutual aid a factor of evolution he argued that the human instinct for cooperation and mutual aid could be seen as stemming from evolutionary adaptation 10 william mcdougall made a reference to evolutionary psychology in his 1919 book an introduction to social psychology it is only a comparative and evolutionary psychology that can provide the needed basis for psychology and this could not be created before the work of darwin had convinced men of the continuity of human with animal evolution as regards all bodily characters and had prepared the way for the quickly following recognition of the similar continuity of man s mental evolution with that of the animal world p 16 post world war ii edit while darwin s theories on natural selection gained acceptance in the early 20th century his theories on evolutionary psychology were largely ignored only after second world war in the 1950s did interest in the systematic study of animal behavior increase it was during this period that the modern field of ethology emerged konrad lorenz and nikolaas tinbergen were pioneers in developing the theoretical framework of ethology for which they received the nobel prize in 1973 desmond morris s book the naked ape sought to frame human behavior in evolutionary terms but his explanations failed to convince academics because they were grounded in a teleological goal oriented understanding of evolution for example he said that the pair bond evolved so that men who were out hunting could trust that their mates back home were not having sex with other males 5 sociobiology edit in 1975 e o wilson built upon the works of lorenz and tinbergen by combining studies of animal behavior social behavior and evolutionary theory in his book sociobiology the new synthesis wilson included a chapter on human behavior wilson s application of evolutionary analysis to human behavior caused bitter debate 11 12 with the publication of sociobiology evolutionary thinking for the first time had a recognizable presence in psychology 8 e o wilson argues that the field of evolutionary psychology is essentially the same as human sociobiology 13 edward h hagen writes in the handbook of evolutionary psychology that sociobiology is despite public controversy regarding the applications to humans one of the scientific triumphs of the twentieth century sociobiology is now part of the core research and curriculum of virtually all biology departments and it is a foundation of the work of almost all field biologists sociobiological research on nonhuman organisms has increased dramatically and appears continuously in the world s top scientific journals such as nature and science the more general term behavioral ecology is commonly used as a substitute for sociobiology in order to avoid public controversy 14 modern use of the term evolutionary psychology edit the term evolutionary psychology was used by american biologist michael ghiselin in a 1973 article published in the journal science 15 jerome barkow leda cosmides and john tooby popularized the term evolutionary psychology in their 1992 book the adapted mind evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture 2 the term is sometimes abbreviated evopsych or evo psych or similar 16 in contrast to sociobiology and behavioral ecology evolutionary psychology emphasizes that organisms are adaptation executors rather than fitness maximizers 17 in other words organisms have emotional motivational and cognitive adaptations that generally increased inclusive fitness in the past but may not do so in the present this distinction may explain some maladaptive behaviors that are the result of fitness lags between ancestral and modern environments 17 for example our ancestrally developed desires for fat sugar and salt often lead to health problems in modern environments where these are readily available in large quantities also in contrast to sociobiology and behavioral ecology which mostly study non human animal behavior rather than focus primarily on overt behavior ep attempts to identify underlying psychological adaptations including emotional motivational and cognitive mechanisms and how these mechanisms interact with the developmental and current environmental influences to produce behavior 18 19 before 1990 introductory psychology textbooks scarcely mentioned darwin 20 in the 1990s evolutionary psychology was treated as a fringe theory 21 and evolutionary psychologists depicted themselves as an embattled minority 5 coverage in psychology textbooks was largely hostile 21 according to evolutionary psychologists current coverage in psychology textbooks is usually neutral or balanced 21 the presence of evolutionary theory in psychology has been steadily increasing 8 according to its proponents evolutionary psychology now occupies a central place in psychological science 21 see also edit behavioural genetics study of genetic environment interactions influencing behaviour biocultural evolution theory of human behavior pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets criticism of evolutionary psychology controversy in psychology dual inheritance theory theory of human behavior evolutionary economics subject inspired by evolutionary biology evolutionary developmental psychology psychology field concerned with darwinian evolution evolutionary educational psychology field of study evolutionary neuroscience study of the evolution of nervous systems evolutionary psychology research groups and centers gene centered view of evolution theory of the selfish gene human behavioral ecology study of human behavior and cultural diversity list of evolutionary psychologists memetics study of self replicating units of culture multiple discovery hypothesis about scientific discoveries and inventions universal darwinism application of darwinian theory to other fields darwinian literary studies branch of literary criticism references edit angell james 1977 the influence of darwin on psychology psychological review 16 3 152 169 doi 10 1037 h0074450 1 2 tooby barkow cosmides 1995 darwin 1882 pp 130 131 209 221 225 darwin 1872 p 230 1 2 3 wright 1995 shermer 2004 p 51 darwin charles 1859 the origin of species p 488 via wikisource 1 2 3 schacter daniel l daniel wegner and daniel gilbert 2007 psychology worth publishers pp 26 27 1 2 3 buss david m evolutionary psychology the new science of the mind pearson 2008 chapter 1 p 2 35 on terrorism noam chomsky interviewed by john bolender archived from the original on 2013 05 09 retrieved 2011 05 08 pinker steven the blank slate new york penguin 2002 diamond jared the third chimpanzee wilson 2000 the handbook of evolutionary psychology edited by david m buss john wiley sons inc 2005 chapter 5 by edward h hagen ghiselin mt 1973 darwin and evolutionary psychology darwin initiated a radically new way of studying behavior science 179 4077 964 968 doi 10 1126 science 179 4077 964 pmid 17842154 interaction with pz myers commenters pdf evolution science 1 2 buss d m 1995 evolutionary psychology a new paradigm for psychological science psychological inquiry 6 1 30 controversies in the evolutionary social sciences a guide for the perplexed evolutionary psychology by lance workman will reader gaulin steven j c and donald h mcburney evolutionary psychology prentice hall 2003 isbn 978 0 13 111529 3 chapter 1 p 1 24 1 2 3 4 confer et al 2010 sources edit darwin charles 1872 the origin of species by means of natural sslection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life sixth edition with additions and corrections ed london william cloowes and sons stamford street and charing cross p 230 retrieved february 14 2026 darwin charles 1882 the descent of man and selection in relation to sex london john murray shermer 2004 the science of good and evil henry holt and co isbn 978 0 8050 7769 8 wilson e o 2000 sociobiology belknap press of harvard university press isbn 978 0 674 00235 7 human sociobiology now often called evolutionary psychology has in the last quarter of a century emerged as its own field of study drawing on theory and data from both biology and the social sciences tooby john barkow jerome h cosmides leda 1995 the adapted mind evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture oxford oxfordshire oxford university press isbn 0 19 510107 3 wright robert august 29 1995 the moral animal why we are the way we are the new science of evolutionary psychology knopf doubleday publishing group isbn 978 0 679 76399 4 retrieved february 14 2026 portal evolutionary biology history of evolutionary psychology at wikipedia s sister projects data from wikidata v t e evolutionary psychology history evolutionary thought theoretical foundations adaptationism cognitive revolution cognitivism gene selection theory modern synthesis criticism evolutionary processes acquired characteristics adaptations altruism cheating hamiltonian spite reciprocal baldwin effect by products evolutionarily stable strategy exaptation fitness inclusive kin selection inbreeding avoidance kin recognition parental investment parent offspring conflict mismatch natural selection sexual selection costly signaling male female intrasexual competition mate choice sexual dimorphism social selection species typical behavior areas cognition emotion affect display display rules facial expression behavioral modernity cognitive module modularity of mind adaptive unconscious unconscious cognition automatic and controlled processes cognitive specialization computational theory of mind domain generality domain specificity learning dual process theory cognitive tradeoff hypothesis evolution of the brain evolution of nervous systems fight or flight response arachnophobia basophobia ophidiophobia folk biology taxonomy folk psychology theory of mind intelligence flynn effect wason selection task motor control skill multitasking numerical cognition number sense approximate number system parallel individuation system sleep visual perception color vision eye naïve physics culture aesthetics literary criticism musicology anthropology biological crime language origin psychology speech morality moral foundations religion origin social contagion behavioral contagion emotional contagion epidemiology of representations universals development attachment bonding biology affectional maternal paternal bond caregiver deprivation childhood attachment cinderella effect cognitive development education neuronal recycling hypothesis science of reading language acquisition personality development socialization human factors mental health cognitive ergonomics computer mediated communication engineering psychology human computer interaction media naturalness theory neuroergonomics depression digital media use and mental health hypophobia imprinted brain hypothesis mind blindness psychological effects of internet use rank theory of depression schizophrenia screen time smartphones and pedestrian safety social aspects of television societal effects of cars distracted driving lead crime hypothesis mobile phones and driving safety texting while driving sex activity adult attachment age disparity arousal concealed ovulation coolidge effect desire fantasy hormonal motivation incest taboo westermarck effect jealousy mate guarding mating preferences mating strategies orientation ovulatory shift hypothesis pair bond romantic love physical sexual attraction sexuality male female sexy son hypothesi...