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ia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 mexico and central america toggle mexico and central america subsection 1 1 pre conquest 1 2 maya libraries 1 3 aztec mexica records 1 4 post conquest to 1600 2 south america toggle south america subsection 2 1 the andes 2 1 1 pre conquest 2 1 2 post conquest 2 2 brazil 2 2 1 post conquest 3 see also 4 references toggle the table of contents history of libraries in latin america add languages add links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia the history of libraries in latin america dates back to before the conquest of the continent by the spanish although the indigenous peoples of mexico central america and south america had developed a written language and in some cases created libraries and record depositories of their own library history of the continent tends to focus on post conquest institutions this article will discuss the history of libraries in latin america mexico and central america edit pre conquest edit the aztecs maya mixtec olmec purépecha and zapotecs had all developed written language prior to the spanish conquest 1 although numerous cultures in the region had developed writing systems only the maya had developed a phonetic language 1 although numerous types of writing surfaces were used such as stone bone metal and ceramics the most famous surviving artifacts are the codices as in other regions codices were made from long strips of material folded into an accordion shape in this region bark from the amate tree agave fibers and or animal hides were used as paper and the codices were protected by wooden covers 2 the nahuatl codices containing works from the aztecs maya and mixtecs among other tribes in the nahua language family are the most famous of these 1 codices were used to record a variety of types of information including astronomical knowledge religious calendars genealogies of the ruling families cartography and tribute collection 3 temples and schools were the first libraries in the region as this is where the codices were stored and used as educational materials 3 maya libraries edit maya writing can be dated as far back as 400 bce 4 during the golden period of maya civilization also called the classic period 250 900 ce the maya were believed to have large libraries filled with books 5 most surviving maya writing exists on stone structures or other durable surfaces but historians believe that the majority of maya writing would have been done on paper 4 by the end of the maya classic period it is assumed that maya libraries housed thousands of books written on bark paper or deer skin 6 these libraries contained codices that covered important subjects such as genealogy astronomy rituals information about plants and animals medical knowledge and history 7 aztec mexica records edit it was said that the aztec city of tenochtitlan had become such a splendid city that according to records it dazzled the spaniards 8 the aztecs had an advanced prosperous civilization though it is speculated that the aztecs had libraries not much is known about where the aztecs actually kept their records 9 conquistador and eyewitness bernal diaz mentions seeing a whole house filled with large books in tenochtitlan there was also mention of a library that belonged to netzahualcoyotl in tetzcoco with books from other mesoamerican civilizations and one in xochimilco through surviving codices and accounts from spaniards it is known that the aztec kept records on facets of life including events genealogical histories practices math land ownership maps and civil and criminal laws 10 in fact at the time of the conquest the aztecs had just begun to codify their customary laws into a more formal written form 11 the aztecs collected information in the form of glyphs or picture and images on books called amoxtli in the nahuatl language 12 the aztec codices in keeping with other mesoamerica codices were folded into screenfold style and bound so that readers could view many pages at once 7 the bounded books were made from deer hide and agave plants 10 though there is not much to share about where exactly the aztec kept their books whether it was in one large library or several storage areas hundreds of indigenous books were in use in mesoamerica before the arrival of conquistadors 7 post conquest to 1600 edit the spanish arrival meant that preexisting mesoamerican books and libraries were destroyed by conquistadores and missionaries 3 only 15 codices survived after 1521 these include the borgia codex the vatican b codex and the tro cortesiano codex 3 however codices were slow to die out spanish language bilingual and indigenous language codices continued to be produced with the list of materials changing to include paper and the subjects focusing on the christian religion and tribute to colonial administrators 3 one such example is the codex mendoza it contains ethnography of the aztecs with a commentary by spanish priests and was created in 1541 as a gift for charles v of spain 13 the first mexican printing press was established in 1539 by juan pablos 14 the first book published in the western hemisphere was doctrina breve written by juan de zumárraga the first archbishop of mexico 15 it was printed in tenochtitlan what is called mexico city today in 1539 15 due to the lack of widespread spanish literacy most printed items were stored in the library of the university of mexico city or in the private libraries of clergy noblemen and government officials 16 in 1646 the oldest public library in americas biblioteca palafoxiana was established in the mexican state of puebla 17 born in 1648 sor juana inés de la cruz was one of the intellectuals of mexico during the late 17th century 18 the carmelite nun used a 4 000 volume library established by her grandfather to further her education she corresponded with sir isaac newton and was also renowned for her skill in poetry 19 unfortunately sor juana became embroiled in a battle with church politics in 1690 although she passionately defended the right of women to an education she was banned from writing and her library in 1691 dying four years later 20 south america edit the andes edit pre conquest edit the inca empire had developed a complex system of knots called quipu used to record information whether this could be considered a writing system and collections of quipu libraries is debated 1 post conquest edit as with mexico and central america printing was slow to arrive to the andes quito ecuador obtained its first spanish press in 1760 14 as with the other colonies in mexico and central america many printed materials found their way to the library of the university of lima 16 brazil edit post conquest edit prior to the mid 18th century printing was strictly prohibited in brazil due to its status as an agricultural colony 21 the biblioteca nacional do brasil was founded in 1810 by the portuguese royal family the collection was left behind in the country following the terms of the treaty that allowed the royal family s return 22 the library is one of the largest in the americas with over 9 million items in the collection 23 the biblioteca nacional organized the first classes in library science in south america and pioneered modernization 24 see also edit libraries in honduras list of libraries in belize list of libraries in brazil list of libraries in cuba list of libraries in mexico list of libraries in venezuela references edit 1 2 3 4 roldan vera eugenia 2013 the history of the book in latin america including incas and aztecs in suarez michael woudhuysen h r eds the book a global history 1st ed oxford oxford university press p 656 isbn 978 0 19 967941 6 roldan vera eugenia 2013 the history of the book in latin america including incas and aztecs in suarez michael woudhuysen h r eds the book a global history 1st ed oxford oxford university press pp 656 670 isbn 978 0 19 967941 6 1 2 3 4 5 roldan vera eugenia 2013 the history of the book in latin america including incas and aztecs in suarez michael woudhuysen h r eds the book a global history 1st ed oxford oxford university press p 657 isbn 978 0 19 967941 6 1 2 bower jessica 2016 the mayan written word history controversy and library connections the international journal of the book 14 3 15 25 doi 10 18848 1447 9516 cgp v14i03 15 25 issn 1447 9516 phillips charles 2017 the illustrated encyclopedia of aztec maya the greatest civilizations of ancient central america with 1000 photographs paintings maps jones david m london p 486 isbn 978 1 78214 340 6 oclc 1005933447 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link fischer steven r 2001 history of writing london reaktion books p 228 isbn 978 1 86189 588 2 oclc 438712074 1 2 3 lyons martyn 2011 books a living history london thames and hudson p 84 isbn 978 0 500 29115 3 oclc 857089276 cortés and the aztecs exploring the early americas exhibitions library of congress www loc gov 2007 12 12 retrieved 2020 04 20 basic aztec facts aztec books www mexicolore co uk retrieved 2020 04 20 1 2 murray stuart 1948 2009 the library an illustrated history new york ny skyhorse pub p 136 isbn 978 1 60239 706 4 oclc 277203534 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link cs1 maint numeric names authors list link collections special tarlton law library exhibit aztec and maya law aztec legal system and sources of law tarlton law utexas edu retrieved 2020 04 20 lyons martyn 2013 books a living history london thames hudson p 84 isbn 978 0 500 29115 3 oclc 857089276 lyons martyn 2011 books a living history 2nd ed los angeles getty publications p 86 isbn 978 1 60606 083 4 1 2 roldan vera eugenia 2013 the history of the book in latin america including incas and aztecs in suarez michael woudhuysen h r eds the book a global history 1st ed oxford oxford university press p 660 isbn 978 0 19 967941 6 1 2 murray stuart 2009 library an illustrated history skyhorse publishing p 136 1 2 roldan vera eugenia 2013 the history of the book in latin america including incas and aztecs in suarez michael woudhuysen h r eds the book a global history 1st ed oxford oxford university press p 661 isbn 978 0 19 967941 6 biblioteca palafoxiana pdf unesco biblioteca palafoxiana murray stuart 2009 library an illustrated history skyhorse publishing p 138 isbn 9781616084530 murray stuart 2009 the library an illustrated history 1st ed new york skyhorse publishing p 139 isbn 978 1 60239 706 4 murray stuart 2009 the library an illustrated history 1st ed new york skyhorse publishing p 140 isbn 978 1 60239 706 4 roldan vera eugenia 2013 the history of the book in latin america including incas and aztecs in suarez michael woudhuysen h r eds the book a global history 1st ed oxford oxford university press p 659 isbn 978 0 19 967941 6 murray stuart 2009 the library an illustrated history 1st ed new york skyhorse publishing pp 276 277 isbn 978 1 60239 706 4 murray stuart 2009 the library an illustrated history 1st ed new york skyhorse publishing p 276 isbn 978 1 60239 706 4 murray stuart 2009 the library an illustrated history 1st ed new york skyhorse publishing p 277 isbn 978 1 60239 706 4 v t e latin america articles history by period spanish colonization portuguese colonization decolonization latin american integration great depression world war ii debt crisis by topic catholic environmental jewish libraries literature military brujería slavery foreign relations australia canada china india ireland italy japan league of nations north korea south korea taiwan united kingdom united states geography regions politics governance community of latin american and caribbean states democracy conservative wave drug legalization ideologies falangism liberalism and conservatism populism international peacekeeping pink tide united states led regime changes economy agriculture agroecology caf development bank of latin america and the caribbean central banks and currencies stock exchanges tourism water and sanitation wealth inequality society crime femicide illegal drug trade education latin american studies etiquette feminism hiv aids race and ethnicity reproductive rights culture art cinema films cuisine dance literature media music religion television companies telenovela video games demographics countries by population cities ethnic groups spanish language portuguese language latin americans list category portal v t e history of libraries in the americas sovereign states antigua and barbuda argentina bahamas barbados belize bolivia brazil canada chile colombia costa rica cuba dominica dominican republic ecuador el salvador grenada guatemala guyana haiti honduras jamaica mexico nicaragua panama paraguay peru saint kitts and nevis saint lucia saint vincent and the grenadines suriname trinidad and tobago united states uruguay venezuela dependencies and territories anguilla aruba bermuda bonaire british virgin islands cayman islands curaçao falkland islands french guiana greenland guadeloupe martinique montserrat puerto rico saba saint barthélemy saint martin saint pierre and miquelon sint eustatius sint maarten south georgia and the south sandwich islands turks and caicos islands u s virgin islands north america central america caribbean latin america south america v t e lists of libraries country africa angola burundi ghana kenya lesotho mali de nigeria south africa zimbabwe americas belize brazil canada ontario colombia cuba honduras mexico united states venezuela asia afghanistan azerbaijan bangladesh brunei china hong kong india indonesia iran israel japan kazakhstan lebanon malaysia nepal pakistan palestine philippines saudi arabia singapore south korea seoul sri lanka taiwan taipei thailand vietnam europe albania armenia austria belarus belgium bosnia and herzegovina bulgaria croatia czechia denmark estonia finland france georgia germany greece hungary iceland ireland italy kosovo latvia lithuania malta netherlands norway poland portugal romania russia serbia slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland turkey ukraine united kingdom oceania australia marshall islands micronesia new zealand tuvalu type destroyed medical national visual arts de other associations consortia retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title history_of_libraries_in_latin_america oldid 1374486035 categories latin american history libraries in so...