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rinity gadget an implosion type plutonium device tested on july 16 1945 by the united states was the first successful nuclear weapon ever created it yielded approximately 25 kilotons of tnt nuclear weapons background nuclear explosion history warfare design testing delivery yield effects humanitarian workers ethics arsenals target selection arms race blackmail deterrence espionage no first use proliferation disarmament sharing strategy terrorism umbrella opposition winter pax atomica nuclear triad nuclear armed states npt recognized united states russia united kingdom france china others india israel undeclared pakistan north korea former south africa belarus kazakhstan ukraine v t e building on major scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s the united kingdom began the world s first nuclear weapons research project codenamed tube alloys in 1941 during world war ii the united states in collaboration with the united kingdom and with the involvement of canada initiated the manhattan project the following year to build a weapon using nuclear fission in august 1945 the atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki were conducted by the united states with british consent against japan at the close of that war standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in hostilities the soviet union started development shortly after with their own atomic bomb project and not long after both countries were developing even more powerful fusion weapons known as hydrogen bombs britain and france built their own systems in the 1950s and the number of states with nuclear capabilities has gradually grown larger in the decades since a nuclear weapon also known as an atomic bomb possesses enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or a combination of fission and fusion reactions background edit in nuclear fission the nucleus of a fissile atom in this case enriched uranium absorbs a thermal neutron becomes unstable and splits into two new atoms releasing some energy and between one and three new neutrons which can perpetuate the process in the first decades of the 19th century physics was revolutionized with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms including the discoveries in atomic theory by john dalton 1 around the turn of the 20th century it was discovered by hans geiger and ernest marsden and then ernest rutherford that atoms had a highly dense very small charged central core called an atomic nucleus in 1898 pierre and marie curie discovered that pitchblende an ore of uranium contained a substance which they named radium that emitted large amounts of radiation ernest rutherford and frederick soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy waiting to be harnessed in 1905 albert einstein described this potential in his famous equation e mc 2 h g wells was inspired by the work of rutherford to write about an atom bomb in a 1914 novel the world set free which appeared shortly before the first world war 2 in a 1924 article winston churchill speculated about the possible military implications might not a bomb no bigger than an orange be found to possess a secret power to destroy a whole block of buildings nay to concentrate the force of a thousand tons of cordite and blast a township at a stroke 3 at the time however there was no known mechanism which could be used to unlock the vast energy potential that was theorized to exist inside the atom the only particle then known to exist within the nucleus was the positively charged proton which would act to repel protons set in motion towards it then in 1932 a key breakthrough was made with the discovery of the neutron having no electric charge the neutron is able to penetrate the nucleus with relative ease in january 1933 the nazis came to power in germany and suppressed jewish scientists physicist leo szilard fled to london where in 1934 he patented the idea of a nuclear chain reaction using neutrons the patent also introduced the term critical mass to describe the minimum amount of material required to sustain the chain reaction and its potential to cause an explosion british patent 630 726 the patent was not about an atomic bomb per se as the possibility of chain reaction was still very speculative szilard subsequently assigned the patent to the british admiralty so that it could be covered by the official secrets act 4 this work of szilard s was ahead of the time five years before the public discovery of nuclear fission and eight years before a working nuclear reactor when he coined the term neutron inducted chain reaction he was not sure about the use of isotopes or standard forms of elements despite this uncertainty he correctly theorized uranium and thorium as primary candidates for such a reaction along with beryllium which was later determined to be unnecessary in practice szilard joined enrico fermi in developing the first uranium fuelled nuclear reactor chicago pile 1 which was activated at the university of chicago in 1942 5 in paris in 1934 irène and frédéric joliot curie discovered that artificial radioactivity could be induced in stable elements by bombarding them with alpha particles in italy enrico fermi reported similar results when bombarding uranium with neutrons he mistakenly believed he had discovered elements 93 and 94 naming them ausenium and hesperium in 1938 it was realized these were in fact fission products citation needed leo szilard pictured in about 1960 invented the electron microscope linear accelerator cyclotron nuclear chain reaction and patented the nuclear reactor in december 1938 otto hahn and fritz strassmann reported that they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons lise meitner and otto robert frisch correctly interpreted these results as being due to the splitting of the uranium atom frisch confirmed this experimentally on january 13 1939 6 they gave the process the name fission because of its similarity to the splitting of a cell into two new cells even before it was published news of meitner s and frisch s interpretation crossed the atlantic 7 in their second publication on nuclear fission in february 1939 hahn and strassmann predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process opening up the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction after learning about the german fission in 1939 leo szilard concluded that uranium would be the element which could realize his 1933 idea about nuclear chain reaction 8 in the united states scientists at columbia university in new york city decided to replicate the experiment and on january 25 1939 conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the united states 9 in the basement of pupin hall the following year they identified the active component of uranium as being the rare isotope uranium 235 10 between 1939 and 1940 joliot curie s team applied for a patent family covering different use cases of atomic energy one case iii in patent fr 971 324 perfectionnements aux charges explosives meaning improvements in explosive charges being the first official document explicitly mentioning a nuclear explosion as a purpose including for war 11 this patent was applied for on may 4 1939 but only granted in 1950 being withheld by french authorities in the meantime uranium appears in nature primarily in two isotopes uranium 238 and uranium 235 when the nucleus of uranium 235 absorbs a neutron it undergoes nuclear fission releasing energy and on average 2 5 neutrons because uranium 235 releases more neutrons than it absorbs it can support a chain reaction and so is described as fissile uranium 238 on the other hand is not fissile as it does not normally undergo fission when it absorbs a neutron by the start of the war in september 1939 many scientists likely to be persecuted by the nazis had already escaped physicists on both sides were well aware of the possibility of utilizing nuclear fission as a weapon but no one was quite sure how it could be engineered in august 1939 concerned that germany might have its own project to develop fission based weapons albert einstein signed a letter to u s president franklin d roosevelt warning him of the threat 12 the final iteration of the gadget nuclear device prior to its successful test on july 16 1945 the culmination of the united states three year manhattan project s research and development of nuclear weapons roosevelt responded by setting up the uranium committee under lyman james briggs but with little initial funding 6 000 progress was slow it was not until the u s entered the war in december 1941 that washington decided to commit the necessary resources to a top secret high priority bomb project 13 organized research first began in britain as part of the tube alloys project the world s first nuclear weapons project which also involved canada 14 the maud committee was set up following the work of frisch and rudolf peierls who calculated uranium 235 s critical mass and found it to be much smaller than previously thought which meant that a deliverable bomb should be possible 15 in the february 1940 frisch peierls memorandum they stated that the energy liberated in the explosion of such a super bomb will for an instant produce a temperature comparable to that of the interior of the sun the blast from such an explosion would destroy life in a wide area the size of this area is difficult to estimate but it will probably cover the centre of a big city edgar sengier a director of shinkolobwe mine in the congo which produced by far the highest quality uranium ore in the world had become aware of uranium s possible use in a bomb in late 1940 fearing that it might be seized by the germans he shipped the mine s entire stockpile of ore to a warehouse in new york 16 for 18 months british research outpaced the american but by mid 1942 it became apparent that the industrial effort required was beyond britain s already stretched wartime economy 17 204 in september 1942 general leslie groves was appointed to lead the u s project which became known as the manhattan project two of his first acts were to obtain authorization to assign the highest priority aaa rating on necessary procurements and to order the purchase of all 1 250 tons of the shinkolobwe ore 16 18 the tube alloys project was quickly overtaken by the u s effort and after roosevelt and churchill signed the quebec agreement in 1943 it was relocated and amalgamated into the manhattan project 17 canada provided uranium and plutonium for the project 19 szilard started to acquire high quality graphite and uranium which were the necessary materials for building a large scale chain reaction experiment the metallurgical laboratory at the university of chicago was tasked with the completion of such a reactor and fermi moved there continuing the pile experiments he began at columbia after many subcritical designs chicago pile 1 achieved criticality on december 2 1942 the success of this demonstration and technological breakthrough were partially due to szilard s new atomic theories his uranium lattice design and the identification and mitigation of a key graphite impurity boron through a joint collaboration with graphite suppliers 20 from los alamos to hiroshima edit main article manhattan project this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2022 learn how and when to remove this message physicist j robert oppenheimer led the allied scientific effort at los alamos proportions of uranium 238 blue and uranium 235 red found naturally versus grades that are enriched by separating the two isotopes atom by atom using various methods that all require a massive investment in time and money the beginning of the american research about nuclear weapons the manhattan project started with the einstein szilárd letter with a scientific team led by j robert oppenheimer the manhattan project brought together some of the top scientific minds of the day including exiles from europe with the production power of american industry for the goal of producing fission based explosive devices before germany britain and the u s agreed to pool their resources and information but the main other allied power the soviet union ussr was not informed the u s made a tremendous investment in the project then the second largest industrial enterprise ever seen 17 spread across more than 30 sites in the u s and canada scientific development was centralized in a secret laboratory at los alamos electromagnetic u 235 separation plant at oak ridge tenn massive new physics machines were assembled at secret installations around the united states for the production of enriched uranium and plutonium for a fission weapon to operate there must be sufficient fissile material to support a chain reaction a critical mass to separate the fissile uranium 235 isotope from the non fissile uranium 238 two methods were developed which took advantage of the fact that uranium 238 has a slightly greater atomic mass electromagnetic separation and gaseous diffusion another secret site was erected at rural oak ridge tennessee for the large scale production and purification of the rare isotope which required considerable investment at the time k 25 one of the oak ridge facilities was the world s largest factory under one roof the oak ridge site employed tens of thousands of people at its peak most of whom had no idea what they were working on although uranium 238 cannot be used for the initial stage of an atomic bomb when it absorbs a neutron it becomes uranium 239 which decays into neptunium 239 and finally the relatively stable plutonium 239 which is fissile like uranium 235 this could then be chemically separated from the rest of the irradiated fuel in a process far simpler than enrichment following the success of chicago pile 1 and 2 techniques for continuous reactor operation plutonium production and separation were developed at the x 10 graphite reactor pilot plant in oak ridge from 1943 from 1944 the b d and f reactors were secretly constructed at what is now known as the hanford site alongside large separation plants separate efforts to produce plutonium from heavy water reactors were pursued with the p 9 project producing the moderator and resulting in the 1944 test reactor chicago pile 3 such reactors would only be used for plutonium production in the postwar savannah river site the simplest form of nuclear weapon is a gun type fission weapon where a sub critical mass would be shot at another sub critical mass the result would be a super critical mass and an uncontrolled chain reaction that would create the desired explosion the weapons envisaged in 1942 were the two gun type weapons little boy uranium and thin man plutonium and the fat man plu...