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1960 was the world s first active repeater satellite satellites these days are used for many applications such as gps television internet and telephone telstar was the first active direct relay commercial communications satellite belonging to at t as part of a multi national agreement between at t bell telephone laboratories nasa the british general post office and the french national ptt post office to develop satellite communications it was launched by nasa from cape canaveral on july 10 1962 the first privately sponsored space launch relay 1 was launched on december 13 1962 and became the first satellite to broadcast across the pacific on november 22 1963 41 the first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony the fixed public switched telephone network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station where they are then transmitted a receiving satellite dish via a geostationary satellite in earth orbit improvements in submarine communications cables through the use of fiber optics caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century but they still exclusively service remote islands such as ascension island saint helena diego garcia and easter island where no submarine cables are in service there are also some continents and some regions of countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent for example antarctica plus large regions of australia south america africa northern canada china russia and greenland after commercial long distance telephone service was established via communication satellites a host of other commercial telecommunications were also adapted to similar satellites starting in 1979 including mobile satellite phones satellite radio satellite television and satellite internet access the earliest adaption for most such services occurred in the 1990s as the pricing for commercial satellite transponder channels continued to drop significantly realization and demonstration on october 29 2001 of the first digital cinema transmission by satellite in europe 42 43 44 of a feature film by bernard pauchon 45 alain lorentz raymond melwig 46 and philippe binant 47 computer networks and the internet edit main articles computer computer network and history of the internet on september 11 1940 george stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his complex number calculator in new york city and receive the computed results back at dartmouth college in new hampshire 48 this configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s however it was not until the 1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching a technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe a four node network emerged on december 5 1969 between the university of california los angeles the stanford research institute the university of utah and the university of california santa barbara this network would become arpanet which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes 49 in june 1973 the first non us node was added to the network belonging to norway s norsar project this was shortly followed by a node in london 50 arpanet s development centred on the request for comments process and on april 7 1969 rfc 1 was published this process is important because arpanet would eventually merge with other networks to form the internet and many of the protocols the internet relies upon today were specified through this process the first transmission control protocol tcp specification rfc 675 specification of internet transmission control program was written by vinton cerf yogen dalal and carl sunshine and published in december 1974 it coined the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking 51 in september 1981 rfc 791 introduced the internet protocol v4 ipv4 this established the tcp ip protocol which much of the internet relies upon today the user datagram protocol udp a more relaxed transport protocol that unlike tcp did not guarantee the orderly delivery of packets was submitted on 28 august 1980 as rfc 768 an e mail protocol smtp was introduced in august 1982 by rfc 821 and http http 1 0 permanent dead link a protocol that would make the hyperlinked internet possible was introduced in may 1996 by rfc 1945 however not all important developments were made through the request for comments process two popular link protocols for local area networks lans also appeared in the 1970s a patent for the token ring protocol was filed by olof söderblom on october 29 1974 52 and a paper on the ethernet protocol was published by robert metcalfe and david boggs in the july 1976 issue of communications of the acm 53 the ethernet protocol had been inspired by the alohanet protocol which had been developed by electrical engineering researchers at the university of hawaii internet access became widespread late in the century using the old telephone and television networks digital telephone technology edit main article digital telephony further information push button telephone and speech coding mos technology was initially overlooked by bell because they did not find it practical for analog telephone applications 54 55 mos technology eventually became practical for telephone applications with the mos mixed signal integrated circuit which combines analog and digital signal processing on a single chip developed by former bell engineer david a hodges with paul r gray at uc berkeley in the early 1970s 55 in 1974 hodges and gray worked with r e suarez to develop mos switched capacitor sc circuit technology which they used to develop the digital to analog converter dac chip using mosfets and mos capacitors for data conversion this was followed by the analog to digital converter adc chip developed by gray and j mccreary in 1975 55 mos sc circuits led to the development of pcm codec filter chips in the late 1970s 55 56 the silicon gate cmos complementary mos pcm codec filter chip developed by hodges and w c black in 1980 55 has since been the industry standard for digital telephony 55 56 by the 1990s telecommunication networks such as the public switched telephone network pstn had been largely digitized with very large scale integration vlsi cmos pcm codec filters widely used in electronic switching systems for telephone exchanges and data transmission applications 56 wireless revolution edit main article wireless revolution the wireless revolution began in the 1990s 57 58 59 with the advent of digital wireless networks leading to a social revolution and a paradigm shift from wired to wireless technology 60 including the proliferation of commercial wireless technologies such as cell phones mobile telephony pagers wireless computer networks 57 cellular networks the wireless internet and laptop and handheld computers with wireless connections 61 the wireless revolution has been driven by advances in radio frequency rf and microwave engineering 57 and the transition from analog to digital rf technology 60 61 advances in metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor mosfet or mos transistor technology the key component of the rf technology that enables digital wireless networks has been central to this revolution 60 hitachi developed the vertical power mosfet in 1969 but it was not until ragle perfected the concept in 1976 that the power mosfet became practical 62 in 1977 hitachi announce a planar type of dmos that was practical for audio power output stages 63 rf cmos radio frequency cmos integrated circuit technology was later developed by asad abidi at ucla in the late 1980s 64 by the 1990s rf cmos integrated circuits were widely adopted as rf circuits 64 while discrete mosfet power mosfet and ldmos devices were widely adopted as rf power amplifiers which led to the development and proliferation of digital wireless networks 60 65 most of the essential elements of modern wireless networks are built from mosfets including base station modules routers 65 telecommunication circuits 66 and radio transceivers 64 mosfet scaling has led to rapidly increasing wireless bandwidth which has been doubling every 18 months as noted by edholm s law 60 timeline edit visual auditory and ancillary methods non electrical edit prehistoric fires beacons smoke signals communication drums horns 6th century bce mail 5th century bce pigeon post 4th century bce hydraulic semaphores 15th century ce maritime flag semaphores 1672 first experimental acoustic mechanical telephone 1790 semaphore lines optical telegraphs 1867 signal lamps 1877 acoustic phonograph basic electrical signals edit 1838 electrical telegraph see telegraph history 1830s beginning of attempts to develop wireless telegraphy systems using some form of ground water air or other media for conduction to eliminate the need for conducting wires 1858 first trans atlantic telegraph cable 1876 telephone see invention of the telephone history of the telephone timeline of the telephone 1880 telephony via lightbeam photophones advanced electrical and electronic signals edit 1896 first practical wireless telegraphy systems based on radio see history of radio 1900 first television displayed only black and white images over the next decades colour television were invented showing images that were clearer and in full colour 1914 first north american transcontinental telephone calling 1927 television see history of television 1927 first commercial radio telephone service u k u s 1930 first experimental videophones 1934 first commercial radio telephone service u s japan 1936 world s first public videophone network 1946 limited capacity mobile telephone service for automobiles 1947 first working transistor see history of the transistor 1950 semiconductor era begins 1956 transatlantic telephone cable 1962 commercial telecommunications satellite 1964 fiber optical telecommunications 1965 first north american public videophone network 1969 computer networking 1973 first modern era mobile cellular phone 1974 internet see history of internet 1979 inmarsat ship to shore satellite communications 1981 first mobile cellular phone network 1982 smtp email 1998 mobile satellite hand held phones 2003 voip internet telephony further information timeline of communication technology timeline of the telephone timeline of radio and timeline of the introduction of television in countries see also edit wikimedia commons has media related to history of telecommunications history of the internet history of podcasting history of radio history of television history of the telephone history of videotelephony information age information revolution optical communication outline of telecommunication references edit tomkins william 2005 native american smoke signals talking drums instrument encyclopedia 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