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ec triple alliance subsection 2 1 the reign of itzcoatl 1427 1440 2 2 moctezuma i and tlacaelel 1440 1469 2 2 1 tlacaelel 2 3 the reigns of axayacatl 1469 1481 and tizoc 1481 1486 2 4 the reign of moctezuma ii xocoyotzin 3 fall of the aztec empire 4 footnotes 5 see also 6 references toggle the table of contents history of the aztecs 6 languages español suomi italiano македонски português simple english edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia this article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations february 2015 learn how and when to remove this message aztec civilization aztec empire tenochtitlan tetzcoco tlacopan aztec society nahuatl language religion mythology philosophy calendar medicine use of entheogens human sacrifice tenochtitlan templo mayor aztec history aztlán warfare codices aztec script aztec empire tlaxcallan spanish conquest of the aztec empire moctezuma ii fall of tenochtitlan v t e the aztecs were a pre columbian mesoamerican people of central mexico in the 14th 15th and 16th centuries they called themselves mēxihcah pronounced meˈʃikaʔ the capital of the aztec empire was tenochtitlan during the empire the city was built on a raised island in lake texcoco modern day mexico city was constructed on the ruins of tenochtitlan the spanish colonization of the americas reached the mainland during the reign of hueyi tlatoani moctezuma ii montezuma ii in 1521 hernán cortés along with an allied army of other native americans conquered the aztecs through siege warfare psychological warfare direct combat and the spread of disease from 1375 until 1428 the mexica were a tributary of azcapotzalco the aztec rulers acamapichtli huitzilihuitl and chimalpopoca were in fact vassals of tezozomoc the tepanec ruler of azcapotzalco when tezozomoc died in 1426 his son malazia ascended to the throne of azcapotzalco 1 maxtla as malazia was also known sought to tighten azcapotzalco s grip on the nearby city states in the valley of mexico in the process chimalpopoca tlatoani of tenochtitlan was assassinated by maxtla s agents while nezahualcoyotl of texcoco was forced into exile 2 arrival in the valley of mexico edit in the valley of mexico c 1250 ad there existed numerous city states including chalco xochimilco tlacopan colhuacan and azcapotzalco the most powerful were culhuacan on the south shore of lake texcoco and azcapotzalco on the west shore as a result when the mexica arrived in the valley of mexico as a semi nomadic tribe they found most of the area already occupied in roughly 1248 3 they first settled on chapultepec a hill on the west shore of lake texcoco the site of numerous springs in time the tepanecs of azcapotzalco ousted the mexica from chapultepec and the ruler of culhuacan coxcoxtli gave the mexica permission to settle in the empty barrens of tizaapan in 1299 there they married and assimilated into culhuacan culture 4 in 1323 they asked the new ruler of culhuacan achicometl for his daughter in order to make her the goddess yaocihuatl unknown to the king the mexica actually planned to sacrifice her the mexica believed that by doing this the princess would join the gods as a deity as the story goes during a festival dinner a priest came out wearing her flayed skin as part of the ritual upon seeing this the king and the people of culhuacan were horrified and expelled the mexica citation needed forced to flee in 1325 they went to a small island on the west side of lake texcoco where they began to build their city tenochtitlan eventually creating a large artificial island it is said that the aztec god huitzilopochtli instructed the aztecs to found their city at the location where they saw an eagle on a cactus with a snake in its talons which is on the current mexican flag the aztecs apparently saw this vision on the small island where tenochtitlan was founded another mexica group settled on the north side of this island this would become the city of tlatelolco originally this was an independent mexica kingdom but eventually it was absorbed by tenochtitlan and treated as a fifth quadrant the famous marketplace described by hernán cortés and bernal diaz del castillo was actually located in tlatelolco in 1376 the mexica elected their first tlatoani acamapichtli following customs learned from the culhuacan these customs required nonstop daily cleaning as a ritual aztec triple alliance edit main article aztec triple alliance the triple alliance of tenochtitlan texcoco and tlacopan would in the next 100 years come to dominate and extend its power to both the gulf of mexico and the pacific shores from the beginning of the triple alliance tenochtitlan was mostly in charge of the military and conquest whereas the other two cities had other responsibilities this military dominance of tenochtitlan gradually led to this city becoming the dominant power in the alliance when the alliance received tributes 2 5 went to tenochtitlan 2 5 to texcoco and 1 5 to tlacopan 5 the reign of itzcoatl 1427 1440 edit the first tlatoani of the triple alliance was itzcoatl and he along with his texcocan co ruler nezahualcoyotl began expanding the territory dominated by the alliance towards the south conquering nahua speaking cities like cuauhnahuac now cuernavaca and towards huexotla coatlinchan and tepoztlan in the modern day state of morelos which was then dominated by the tlahuica during this period the nahuan cities immediately on the lakeside such as xochimilco culhuacan and mixquic were also subdued moctezuma i and tlacaelel 1440 1469 edit two of the primary architects of the aztec empire were the half brothers tlacaelel and moctezuma i they were sons of huitzilíhuitl the 3rd hueyi tlatoani half brothers to chimalpopoca the 4th hueyi tlatoani and nephews of itzcoatl the 5th moctezuma i succeeded itzcoatl as the 6th hueyi tlatoani in 1449 tlacaelel became the power behind the throne and reformed both the aztec state and the aztec religion moctezuma i began the expansion in earnest first he had to reconquer towns first conquered by itzcoatl but had since rebelled he asked several smaller cities to contribute to the construction of a new great temple and only chalco refused which caused moctezuma to start a war against them that lasted for several years he then conquered huastec territory under the pretext of securing aztec merchants in that area and then he went to war against the mixtecs of coixtlahuaca coixtlahuaca was successfully conquered although the mixtec ruler atonal received military assistance from the nahua states of tlaxcala and huexotzinco by now enemies of the aztecs after the defeat of coixtlahuaca many mixtec artisans were relocated to the aztec capital 6 later moctezuma marched upon the totonacan cities of vera cruz and conquered xalapa cosamaloapan cotaxtla modern day cuetlachtlan ahuilizapan modern day orizaba and north into huastec territory conquering tuxpan and xilotepec tlacaelel edit tlacaelel was one of the primary architects of the aztec empire rising to prominence during the war against the tepanec in the late 1420s tlacaelel wielded power as something of a grand vizier during the reigns of four hueyi tlatoani until his death in 1487 tlacaelel recast or strengthened the concept of the aztecs as a chosen people and elevated the tribal god hero huitzilopochtli to the top of the pantheon of gods in tandem with this tlacaelel increased the level and prevalence of human sacrifice particularly during a period of natural disasters that started in 1446 according to durán during the reign of moctezuma i he instigated the flower wars in which the aztecs fought tlaxcala and other nahuan city states to strengthen the aztec nobility he helped create and enforce sumptuary laws prohibiting commoners from wearing certain adornments such as lip plugs gold armbands and cotton cloaks at the start of tlacaelel s tenure the mexica were vassals by the end they had become the aztecs rulers of a socially stratified and expansionistic empire the reigns of axayacatl 1469 1481 and tizoc 1481 1486 edit moctezuma i s son axayacatl ascended to the throne in 1469 during his reign tenochtitlan absorbed the kingdom of tlatelolco axayacatl s sister was married to the tlatoani of tlatelolco and as a pretext for war axayacatl declared that she was mistreated he went on to conquer the matlatzinca and mazahua cities of tollocan ocuillan and malinalco west of the valley of mexico at this point tenochtitlan experienced a brief civil war when the small city of tlatelolco considered a part of tenochtitlan by the aztecs rebelled under their tlatoani moquihuix who sought to ally himself with the longstanding enemies of the tenochca the chalca tlaxcalteca chololteca and huexotzinca the tlatelolca were defeated and axayacatl then ordered the execution of all the rulers who had aided him including the ruler of xochimilco continuing campaigns in the west in 1479 he suffered an unprecedented defeat by the purépechas at tzintzuntzan this was the aztecs first great defeat once recovered he had to consolidate control of the huasteca region which had already been conquered by his predecessor in 1481 axayacatl s brother tizoc ruled briefly but his rule was marred by the humiliation he received in his coronation war fighting the otomies at metztitlan he brought home only 40 prisoners for sacrifice at his coronation ceremony 7 after this defeat tizoc had to fight principally to maintain control of the already conquered territories and failing to subdue new towns he was replaced possibly poisoned by his younger brother ahuitzotl the reign of moctezuma ii xocoyotzin edit at the coronation of the moctezuma ii in 1502 a psilocybe mushroom species known to the aztecs as teōnanācatl agglutinative form of teōtl god sacred and nanācatl mushroom in náhuatl was reportedly served 8 moctezuma ii was although many sources depict him otherwise a notable warrior who extended the tributary system and consolidated the conquests made by his predecessors as well as conquering new territories his campaigns reached as far south as tapachula in the soconusco region and the chontal maya states of xicallanco in tabasco only the aztec archenemies of tlaxcala huexotzinco and the purépecha remained undefeated as well as the mixtec kingdoms of tututepec and yopitzinco which did not interest the aztecs thus the aztec empire had its largest geographical extent when the spaniards arrived in 1519 some sources claim that moctezuma ii and the aztecs believed the arriving spanish to be linked to the supposed return of an exiled god quetzlcoatl who was supposed to return pale and bearded fall of the aztec empire edit further information on the conquest of mexico by spain spanish conquest of mexico siege of tenochtitlan and hernán cortés the aztecs were conquered by spain in 1521 after a long siege of the capital tenochtitlan where much of the population died from hunger and smallpox cortés with 508 spaniards did not fight alone but with as many as 150 000 or 200 000 allies from tlaxcala and eventually other aztec tributary states it was not difficult for cortés to find allies to fight with him the aztecs were not generally liked by the neighboring city states cuauhtémoc the last hueyi tlatoani surrendered to cortés on august 13 1521 it took nearly another 60 years of war before the spaniards completed the conquest of mesoamerica the chichimeca wars a process that could have taken longer were it not for three separate epidemics including a rare strain of paratyphoid fever 9 that took a heavy toll on the remaining native american population the spanish conquest of yucatán took almost 170 years as allies of the spaniards the tlaxcalans gained the most the spaniards would eventually break the alliance but not until decades later footnotes edit azcapotzalco encyclopedia of latin american history and culture 2nd ed charles scribner s sons 2008 retrieved 19 august 2026 pre columbian civilizations britannica com 8 september 2024 smith 1984 p 173 in arriving at 1248 smith averages together dates from fernando de alva cortés ixtlilxochitl 1245 the annals of tlatelolco 1257 the annals of cuauhtitlanzx 1246 fernando alvarado tezozomoc 1247 and diego duran 1245 bancroft hubert howe 1876 the native races of the pacific states of north america primitive history vol 5 pp 342 ancient mexico and central america according to richard townsends the aztecs pp88 thames and hudson 1992 townsend richard 1992 pp 96 hofmann albert 1980 lsd my problem child translated by jonathan ott mcgraw hill isbn 978 0 07 029325 0 oclc 6251390 ol 4100124m mexico 500 years later scientists discover what killed the aztecs afp 15 january 2018 via the guardian wikimedia commons has media related to aztec history see also edit aztec empire aztec use of entheogens women in aztec civilization spanish conquest of the aztec empire index aztec history references edit berdan frances f 2005 the aztecs of central mexico an imperial society 2nd ed thomson wadsworth belmont ca berdan frances f richard e blanton elizabeth h boone mary g hodge michael e smith and emily umberger 1996 aztec imperial strategies dumbarton oaks washington dc boone elizabeth h 1989 incarnations of the aztec supernatural the image of huitzilopochtli in mexico and europe transactions of the american philosophical society new ser vol 79 no 2 pp i iv 1 107 boone elizabeth h 2000 stories in red and black pictorial histories of the aztecs and mixtecs university of texas press austin carrasco davíd 1999 city of sacrifice the aztec empire and the role of violence in civilization beacon press boston carrasco pedro 1999 the tenochca empire of ancient mexico the triple alliance of tenochtitlan tetzcoco and tlacopan university of oklahoma press norman clendinnen inga 1991 aztecs an interpretation cambridge university press cambridge uk davies nigel 1973 the aztecs a history university of oklahoma norman gillespie susan d 1989 the aztec kings the construction of rulership in mexican history university of arizona press isbn 978 0 8165 1095 5 graulich michel 1997 myths of ancient mexico translated by bernard r ortiz de montellano and thelma ortiz de montellano university of oklahoma press norman guggenheim museum editor 2004 the aztec empire curated by felipe solís guggenheim museum new york hassig ross 1988 aztec warfare imperial expansion and political control university of oklahoma press norman león portilla miguel ed 1992 1959 the broken spears the aztec account of the conquest of mexico ángel m...