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n sociology history outline index key themes society globalization human behavior human environmental impact identity industrial revolutions 3 4 5 popularity social complexity social environment social equality social equity social group peer social power social stratification social structure social cycle theory perspectives conflict theory critical theory structural functionalism positivism postpositivism social constructionism social darwinism symbolic interactionism branches aging architecture art astrosociology body criminology consciousness culture death demography deviance disaster economic education emotion jealousy environmental family feminist fiscal food gender generations health historical immigration industrial internet jewry knowledge language law leisure literature marxist mathematic medical military music peace war and social conflict philosophy political public punishment race and ethnicity religion rural science history of science social movements social psychology sociocybernetics sociology space sport technology terrorism urban utopian victimology visual methods quantitative qualitative comparative computational ethnographic conversation analysis historical interview mathematical network analysis social experiment survey major theorists 1700s bonald comte sieyès 1800s martineau tocqueville marx spencer le bon ward pareto tönnies veblen simmel durkheim addams mead weber du bois mannheim elias 1900s fromm parsons adorno gehlen aron merton nisbet mills bell schoeck goffman bauman foucault luhmann habermas baudrillard bourdieu giddens lists bibliography terminology journals organizations people timeline by country society portal v t e the impact of human expansion on ecosystems highlighting how industrialization and deforestation for urban development lead to significant habitat loss and a severe decline in bird populations human impact on the environment or anthropogenic environmental impact refers to changes to biophysical environments 1 and to ecosystems biodiversity and natural resources 2 caused directly or indirectly by humans modifying the environment to fit the needs of society as in the built environment is causing severe effects 3 4 including global warming 1 5 6 environmental degradation 1 such as ocean acidification 1 7 mass extinction and biodiversity loss 8 9 10 11 ecological crisis and ecological collapse some human activities that cause damage either directly or indirectly to the environment on a global scale include population growth 12 13 14 neoliberal economic policies 15 16 17 and rapid economic growth 18 overconsumption overexploitation pollution and deforestation are also contributing to this problem 19 some of the problems including global warming and biodiversity loss have been proposed as representing catastrophic risks to the survival of the human species 20 21 the term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity the term was first used in the technical sense by russian geologist alexey pavlov and it was first used in english by british ecologist arthur tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities 22 the atmospheric scientist paul crutzen introduced the term anthropocene in the mid 1970s 23 the term is sometimes used in the context of pollution produced from human activity since the start of the agricultural revolution but also applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment 24 25 26 many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources such as electricity cars planes space heating manufacturing or the destruction of forests 27 human overshoot edit further information overshoot population the inward spiral shows how humans have progressively used more of earth s resources than the planet can regenerate earth s ability to regenerate consumed resources now lasts only about 57 as long as in 1971 28 overconsumption edit main article overconsumption chart published by nasa depicting co 2 levels from the past 400 000 years 29 overconsumption is a situation where resource use has outpaced the sustainable capacity of the ecosystem it can be measured by the ecological footprint a resource accounting approach which compares human demand on ecosystems with the amount of planet matter ecosystems can renew estimates by the global footprint network indicate that humanity s current demand is 70 30 higher than the regeneration rate of all of the planet s ecosystems combined a prolonged pattern of overconsumption leads to environmental degradation and the eventual loss of resource bases humanity s overall impact on the planet is affected by many factors not just the raw number of people their lifestyle including overall affluence and resource use and the pollution they generate including carbon footprint are equally important in 2008 the new york times stated that the inhabitants of the developed nations of the world consume resources like oil and metals at a rate almost 32 times greater than those of the developing world who make up the majority of the human population 31 reduction of one s carbon footprint for various actions human civilization has caused the loss of 83 of all wild mammals and half of plants 32 the world s chickens are triple the weight of all the wild birds while domesticated cattle and pigs outweigh all wild mammals by 14 to 1 33 34 global meat consumption is projected to more than double by 2050 perhaps as much as 76 as the global population rises to more than 9 billion which will be a significant driver of further biodiversity loss and increased greenhouse gas emissions 35 36 population growth and size edit human population from 10000 bce to 2000 ce increasing sevenfold after the eighteenth century 37 29 main article human overpopulation some scholars environmentalists and advocates have linked human population growth or population size as a driver of environmental issues including some suggesting this indicates an overpopulation scenario 12 38 in 2017 over 15 000 scientists around the world issued a second warning to humanity which asserted that rapid human population growth is the primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats 39 according to the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services released by the united nations intergovernmental science policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services in 2019 human population growth is a significant factor in contemporary biodiversity loss 40 a 2021 report in frontiers in conservation science proposed that population size and growth are significant factors in biodiversity loss soil degradation and pollution 41 42 some scientists and environmentalists including pentti linkola 43 jared diamond and e o wilson posit that human population growth is devastating to biodiversity wilson for example has expressed concern that when homo sapiens reached a population of six billion their biomass exceeded that of any other large land dwelling animal species that had ever existed by over 100 times 44 a 2026 study published in sustainable development argued that gradually reducing the human population to 4 billion by 2200 is a path towards sustainability which will help decrease overconsumption of resources wildlife defaunation pollution levels and greenhouse gas emissions 45 46 however attributing overpopulation as a cause of environmental issues is controversial demographic projections indicate that population growth is slowing and world population will peak in the 21st century 37 and many experts believe that global resources can meet this increased demand suggesting a global overpopulation scenario is unlikely other projections have the population continuing to grow into the next century 47 while some studies including the british government s 2021 economics of biodiversity review posit that population growth and overconsumption are interdependent 48 49 50 critics suggest blaming overpopulation for environmental issues can unduly blame poor populations in the global south or oversimplify more complex drivers leading some to treat overconsumption as a separate issue 51 52 53 advocates for further reducing fertility rates among them rodolfo dirzo and paul r ehrlich argue that this reduction should primarily affect the overconsuming wealthy and middle classes with the ultimate goal being to shrink the scale of the human enterprise and reverse the growthmania which they say threatens biodiversity and the life support systems of humanity 54 fishing and farming edit main article environmental impact of agriculture the environmental impact of agriculture varies based on the wide variety of agricultural practices employed around the world ultimately the environmental impact depends on the production practices of the system used by farmers the connection between emissions into the environment and the farming system is indirect as it also depends on other climate variables such as rainfall and temperature lacanja burn there are two types of indicators of environmental impact means based which is based on the farmer s production methods and effect based which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment an example of a means based indicator would be the quality of groundwater that is affected by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil an indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect based 55 the environmental impact of agriculture involves a variety of factors from the soil to water the air animal and soil diversity plants and the food itself some of the environmental issues that are related to agriculture are climate change deforestation genetic engineering irrigation problems pollutants soil degradation and waste fishing edit main article environmental impact of fishing fishing down the food web the environmental impact of fishing can be divided into issues that involve the availability of fish to be caught such as overfishing sustainable fisheries and fisheries management and issues that involve the impact of fishing on other elements of the environment such as by catch and destruction of habitat such as coral reefs 56 according to the 2019 intergovernmental science policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services report overfishing is the main driver of mass species extinction in the oceans 57 these conservation issues are part of marine conservation and are addressed in fisheries science programs there is a growing gap between how many fish are available to be caught and humanity s desire to catch them a problem that gets worse as the world population grows citation needed similar to other environmental issues there can be conflict between the fishermen who depend on fishing for their livelihoods and fishery scientists who realize that if future fish populations are to be sustainable then some fisheries must reduce or even close 58 the journal science published a four year study in november 2006 which predicted that at prevailing trends the world would run out of wild caught seafood in 2048 59 the scientists stated that the decline was a result of overfishing pollution and other environmental factors that were reducing the population of fisheries at the same time as their ecosystems were being degraded yet again the analysis has met criticism as being fundamentally flawed and many fishery management officials industry representatives and scientists challenge the findings although the debate continues many countries such as tonga the united states australia and new zealand and international management bodies have taken steps to appropriately manage marine resources 60 61 the un s food and agriculture organization fao released their biennial state of world fisheries and aquaculture in 2018 62 noting that capture fishery production has remained constant for the last two decades but unsustainable overfishing has increased to 33 of the world s fisheries they also noted that aquaculture the production of farmed fish has increased from 120 million tonnes per year in 1990 to over 170 million tonnes in 2018 63 populations of oceanic sharks and rays have been reduced by 71 since 1970 largely due to overfishing more than three quarters of the species comprising this group are now threatened with extinction 64 65 irrigation edit main article environmental impact of irrigation the environmental impact of irrigation includes the changes in quantity and quality of soil and water as a result of irrigation and the ensuing effects on natural and social conditions at the tail end and downstream of the irrigation scheme the impacts stem from the changed hydrological conditions owing to the installation and operation of the scheme an irrigation scheme often draws water from the river and distributes it over the irrigated area as a hydrological result it is found that the downstream river discharge is reduced the evaporation in the scheme is increased the groundwater recharge in the scheme is increased the level of the water table rises the drainage flow is increased these may be called direct effects effects on soil and water quality are indirect and complex and subsequent impacts on natural ecological and socio economic conditions are intricate in some but not all instances water logging and soil salinization can result however irrigation can also be used together with soil drainage to overcome soil salinization by leaching excess salts from the vicinity of the root zone 66 67 irrigation can also be done extracting groundwater by tube wells as a hydrological result it is found that the level of the water descends the effects may be water mining land soil subsidence and along the coast saltwater intrusion irrigation projects can have large benefits but the negative side effects are often overlooked 68 69 agricultural irrigation technologies such as high powered water pumps dams and pipelines are responsible for the large scale depletion of fresh water resources such as aquifers lakes and rivers as a result of this massive diversion of freshwater lakes rivers and creeks are running dry severely altering or stressing surrounding ecosystems and contributing to the extinction of many aquatic species 70 agricultural land loss edit urban sprawl in california soil erosion in madagascar further information land loss land degradation agricultural expansion and desertification according to unesco as of the year 2024 75 of soils are degraded affecting 3 2 billion people by the year 2050 the share of degraded land can rise to 90 if current trends continue 71 during the years 2015 2019 around 100 million hectares of soil were degraded every year 72 lal and stewart estimated global loss of agricultural land by degradation and abandonment at 12 million hectares per year 73 in contrast according to scherr glasod global assessment of human induced soil degradation under the un environment program...