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apolitical humanitarian responses in advocacy programmes that push for broader social changes practice edit while there are numerous examples of the human security approach in action two notable global political events with direct ties to the human security agenda include the development of responsibility to protect r3p principles guiding humanitarian intervention and the passage of the ottawa treaty banning anti personnel landmines humanitarian intervention edit main article humanitarian intervention the application of human security is highly relevant within the area of humanitarian intervention as it focuses on addressing the deep rooted and multi factorial problems inherent in humanitarian crises and offers more long term resolutions in general the term humanitarian intervention generally applies to when a state uses force against another state in order to alleviate suffering in the latter state see humanitarian intervention under the traditional security paradigm humanitarian intervention is contentious as discussed above the traditional security paradigm places emphasis on the notion of states hence the principles of state sovereignty and non intervention that are paramount in the traditional security paradigm make it difficult to justify the intervention of other states in internal disputes through the development of clear principles based on the human security concept there has been a step forward in the development of clear rules of when humanitarian intervention can occur and the obligations of states that intervene in the internal disputes of a state these principles on humanitarian intervention are the product of a debate pushed by united nations secretary general kofi annan he posed a challenge to the international community to find a new approach to humanitarian intervention that responded to its inherent problems 41 in 2001 the international commission on intervention and state sovereignty iciss produced the responsibility to protect a comprehensive report detailing how the right of humanitarian intervention could be exercised it was considered a triumph for the human security approach as it emphasized and gathered much needed attention to some of its main principles the protection of individual welfare is more important than the state if the security of individuals is threatened internally by the state or externally by other states state authority can be overridden addressing the root causes of humanitarian crises e g economic political or social instability is a more effective way to solve problems and protect the long term security of individuals prevention is the best solution a collective understanding of the deeper social issues along with a desire to work together is necessary to prevent humanitarian crises thereby preventing a widespread absence of human security within a population which may mean investing more in development projects the report illustrates the usefulness of the human security approach particularly its ability to examine the cause of conflicts that explain and justify humanitarian intervention in addition it could also act as a paradigm for identifying prioritizing and resolving large transnational problems one of the fundamental factors that act as a stimulus for humanitarian intervention in the first place however human security still faces difficulties concerning the scope of its applicability as large problems requiring humanitarian intervention usually are built up from an array of socio political cultural and economic problems that may be beyond the limitations of humanitarian projects 43 on the other hand successful examples of the use of human security principles within interventions can be found the success of humanitarian intervention in international affairs is varied as discussed above humanitarian intervention is a contentious issue examples of humanitarian intervention illustrate that in some cases intervention can lead to disastrous results as in srebrenica and somalia in other cases a lack of clarity as to the rules of when intervention can occur has resulted in tragic inaction as was witnessed during the rwandan genocide one example of a successful humanitarian intervention and also of humanitarian principles being applied is east timor which prior to its independence was plagued with massive human rights abuses by pro indonesian militias and an insurgency war led by indigenous east timorese against indonesian forces a peacekeeping mission was deployed to safeguard the move to independence and the un established the united nations transitional administration in east timor untaet this not only dealt with traditional security priorities but also helped in nation building projects coordinated humanitarian aid and civil rehabilitation illustrating not only a successful humanitarian intervention but also an effective application of human security principles anti personnel landmines edit main article ottawa convention state parties to the ottawa treaty in contrast to the traditional security discourse which sees security as focused on protecting state interests human security proponents believe that anti personnel mines could not be viable weapons of war due to the massive collateral damage they cause their indiscriminate nature and persistence after conflict in particular they argue that anti personnel mines differ from most weapons which have to be aimed and fired since they have the potential to kill and maim long after the warring parties have ceased fighting the united nations has reckoned that landmines are at least ten times more likely to kill or injure a civilian after a conflict than a combatant during hostilities 44 the effects are also long lasting the icbl estimates that anti personnel mines were the cause of 5 751 casualties in 2006 45 whereas traditionally states would justify these negative impacts of mines due to the advantage they give on the battlefield under the human security lens this is untenable as the wide ranging post conflict impact on the day to day experience of individuals outweighs the military advantage the ottawa convention which led to the banning of anti personnel landmines is seen as a victory for the human security agenda the ottawa convention has proved to be a huge step forward in the freedom from fear approach in ottawa the negotiations were moved outside traditional disarmament forums thus avoiding the entrenched logic of traditional arms control measures 46 36 according to don hubert an advocate of human security from the canadian department of foreign affairs the main reason for its success was a multilateral focus while ingo s like the un and the icrc remain the key players along with middle power states like norway and canada its actual power and push comes from the involvement of a host of civil society actors ngos and the general public 46 human security proponents believe that this treaty has set new standards in humanitarian advocacy and has acted as a landmark in international lawmaking for a more secure world critics of the treaty however caution against complacency on its success many states they point out have neither signed nor ratified this convention they include china russia and the united states who are major contributors to the global weapons trade 47 second even though there were a diverse group of civil society actors the real influence on the treaty came from the ones in the global north third cynics may argue that the success of this campaign stems from the fact that these weapons were outdated and of limited military value and this treaty just helped to accelerate a process that would have happened anyway 48 criticism edit in making an assessment of the pros and cons of the human security concept walter dorn includes several additional criticisms 49 in particular he asks whether it is in fact as radical a departure in foreign policy terms as is sometimes claimed dorn argues that the international community has been concerned with issues of human safety since at least the time of the establishment of the international committee of the red cross in the 1860s stuart gordon argues that canada one of its principal adherents has in many ways simply recast its traditional pearsonian foreign policy in the language of human security dorn also questioned whether the concept was really necessary since all the initiatives in the human security agenda were already advancing before the advent of the concept finally he suggests ways that the concept may be counterproductive in their effort to fortify against virtually limitless un interventionism governments may repress their populations into servility still he sees an important role for the concept richard jolly and deepayan basu ray in their undp report suggest that the key criticisms of human security include human security does not have any definite boundaries therefore anything and everything could be considered a risk to security this makes the task of policy formulation nearly impossible human security when broadened to include issues like climate change and health complicates the international machinery for reaching decisions or taking action on the threats identified human security risks engaging the military in issues best tackled through non military means human security under the un risks raising hopes about the un s capacity which it cannot fulfil other authors such as roland paris argue that human security is not such a fundamental recasting of the security debate in terms of a central struggle between realist traditional state based interest based approaches and new liberal cosmopolitan de territorialised values based approaches which focus on individual human needs rather he suggests that the talk of two radically different paradigms has been much exaggerated formulation of a human security index and an environment for discussing same edit as if to answer the points above a human security index 50 was prototyped and released in 2008 project coordinator d a hastings notes that if one were challenged to create an index on the condition of people centric human security such as the authors of the human development index faced in 1990 and expanded qualitatively in 1994 one could now begin to do so at least for the sake of discussion and resultant improvements the release document and a united nations bangkok working paper 51 publish and discuss the original approach which is based partly on the original human development index of the united nations development programme made more geographically complete to 230 countries as described in a report issued by the united nations economic and social commission for asia and the pacific 52 the essay on human security in the 1994 human development report an equitability inclusiveness enhanced human development index in which each of the components of the hdi education health and income are modified by an indicator of equitability in an attempt to adjust for example for the gap between the indicator of gross domestic product gdp per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity and the desired measure of financial resources in the pocket of a typical person in a country in that index some countries with relatively equitable ratings compared to their human development index such as iceland the slovak republic and estonia do relatively well whereas some countries with relatively inequitable ratings compared to their hdi such as ireland greece and the usa do less well a social fabric index which enumerates human security with respect to the environment diversity peacefulness freedom from corruption and info empowerment this was blended with the human development index to form the prototype human security index a 2010 enhancement to the hsi recast the composite index around a trinity of economic environmental and social fabric indices 53 the result is thus conceptually similar to the triple bottom line of corporate social responsibility as described by john elkington as well as to the stated goals of the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress 54 the release note of hsi version 2 also notes efforts to balance local and global context individual and society concerns left right political issues east west and north south cultural and social issues current version 2 of the hsi ingests about 30 datasets and composite indicators and covers 232 countries and dependencies it is released at humansecurityindex org considerable differences in national ratings and standings have been noted between the hsi and indicators such as gdp per capita or the human development index several small island countries plus bhutan botswana and some central eastern european countries do considerably better in the hsi than they do in gdp per capita or hdi conversely greece and some eurozone peers such as ireland and spain several countries in the gulf israel equatorial guinea the us and venezuela do worse in the hsi than in gdp per capita or hdi influential factors vary as is viewed in the data and discussions on the humansecurityindex org website but include diversity and income equality peacefulness and governance see also edit society portal world portal arms trade treaty civil defense environmental racism food security gender and security sector reform global spread of h5n1 government human development human rights human security report project human security report 2005 human trafficking humanitarian crisis humanitarian intervention international relations national security non governmental organization poverty reduction security of person security sector reform sexual slavery social security three generations of human rights water crisis asian forum for human rights and development international security references edit america s climate choices panel on advancing the science of climate change national research council 2010 chapter 16 national and human security advancing the science of climate change washington dc the national academies press p 389 doi 10 17226 12782 isbn 978 0 309 14588 6 retrieved 16 april 2012 footnote 1 human security is defined as freedom from violently conflict and physical want see khagram and ali 2006 for one recent review and synthesis 1 2 united nations development programme 1994 human development report for a comprehensive analysis of all definitions critiques and counter critiques see tadjbakhsh shahrbanou chenoy anuradha m human security concepts and implications london routledge 2006 1 2 paris roland 2001 human security paradigm shift or hot air in international security vol 26 no 2 87 102 online james paul 2014 human security as a left over of military security or as integral to the human condition in paul bacon and christopher hobson ed human security and japan s triple disaster london routledge p 73 spiegel jerry m huish robert january 2009 canadian foreign aid for global health human security opportunity lost canadian foreign policy 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