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hybrid pixel detector wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 see also 3 references toggle the table of contents hybrid pixel detector add languages add links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia hybrid pixel detectors are a type of ionizing radiation detector consisting of an array of diodes based on semiconductor technology and their associated electronics the term hybrid stems from the fact that the two main elements from which these devices are built the semiconductor sensor and the readout chip also known as application specific integrated circuit or asic are manufactured independently and later electrically coupled by means of a bump bonding process ionizing particles are detected as they produce electron hole pairs through their interaction with the sensor element usually made of doped silicon or cadmium telluride the readout asic is segmented into pixels containing the necessary electronics to amplify and measure the electrical signals induced by the incoming particles in the sensor layer hybrid pixel detectors made to operate in single photon mode are known as hybrid photon counting detectors hpcds these detectors are designed to count the number of hits within a certain time interval they have become a standard in most synchrotron light sources and x ray detection applications 1 history edit the first hybrid pixel detectors were developed in the 1980s and 90s for high energy particle physics experiments at cern 2 since then many large collaborations have continued to develop and implement these detectors into their systems such as the atlas cms and alice experiments at the large hadron collider 3 4 5 using silicon pixel detectors as part of their inner tracking systems these experiments are able to determine the trajectory of particles produced during the high energy collisions that they study 6 the key innovation for the construction of such large area pixel detectors was the separation of the sensor and the electronics into independent layers given that particle sensors require high resistivity silicon while the readout electronics requires low resistivity the introduction of the hybrid design allowed to optimize each element individually and later couple them together through a bump bonding process involving microscopic spot soldering 7 it was soon realized that the same hybrid technology could be used for the detection of x ray photons by the end of the 1990s the first hybrid photon counting hpc detectors developed by cern and psi were tested with synchrotron radiation 8 further developments at cern resulted in the creation of the medipix chip and its variations the first large area hpc detector was built in 2003 at psi based on the pilatus readout chip the second generation of this detector with improved readout electronics and smaller pixels became the first hpc detector to operate routinely at a synchrotron 9 in 2006 the company dectris was founded as a spin off from psi and successfully commercialized the pilatus technology since then detectors based on the pilatus and eiger systems have been widely used for small angle scattering coherent scattering x ray powder diffraction and spectroscopy applications the main reasons for the success of hpc detectors are the direct detection of individual photons and the accurate determination of scattering and diffraction intensities over a wide dynamic range 10 see also edit semiconductor detector microstrip detector medipix pilatus detector references edit brönnimann c trüb p 2018 hybrid pixel photon counting x ray detectors for synchrotron radiation in e jaeschke s khan jr schneider jb hastings eds synchrotron light sources and free electron lasers cham switzerland springer international pp 995 1027 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 14394 1_36 isbn 978 3 319 14393 4 delpierre p 1994 pixels detectors and silicon x rays detectors pdf journal de physique iv 04 11 18 doi 10 1051 jp4 1994902 weigell p et al 2011 characterization and performance of silicon n in p pixel detectors for the atlas upgrades nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section a accelerators spectrometers detectors and associated equipment 658 1 36 40 arxiv 1012 3595 bibcode 2011nimpa 658 36w doi 10 1016 j nima 2011 04 049 s2cid 55001023 allkofer y et al 2008 design and performance of the silicon sensors for the cms barrel pixel detector nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section a accelerators spectrometers detectors and associated equipment 584 1 25 41 arxiv physics 0702092 bibcode 2008nimpa 584 25a doi 10 1016 j nima 2007 08 151 s2cid 119443580 riedler p et al 2007 production and integration of the alice silicon pixel detector nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section a accelerators spectrometers detectors and associated equipment 572 1 128 131 bibcode 2007nimpa 572 128r doi 10 1016 j nima 2006 10 178 rossi l et al 2006 pixel detectors particle acceleration and detection berlin springer bibcode 2006pdff book r doi 10 1007 3 540 28333 1 isbn 978 3 540 28332 4 s2cid 119360208 delpierre p 2014 a history of hybrid pixel detectors from high energy physics to medical imaging journal of instrumentation 9 5 c05059 bibcode 2014jinst 9c5059d doi 10 1088 1748 0221 9 05 c05059 s2cid 122121227 manolopoulos s et al 1999 x ray powder diffraction with hybrid semiconductor pixel detectors journal of synchrotron radiation 6 2 112 115 bibcode 1999jsynr 6 112m doi 10 1107 s0909049599001107 brönnimann c et al 2006 the pilatus 1m detector journal of synchrotron radiation 13 2 120 130 doi 10 1107 s0909049505038665 pmid 16495612 förster a brandstetter s schulze briese c 2019 transforming x ray detection with hybrid photon counting detectors philosophical transactions of the royal society a mathematical physical and engineering sciences 377 2147 20180241 bibcode 2019rspta 37780241f doi 10 1098 rsta 2018 0241 pmc 6501887 pmid 31030653 v t e electronic components semiconductor devices mos transistors transistor nmos pmos bicmos biofet chemical field effect transistor chemfet complementary mos cmos depletion load nmos fin field effect transistor finfet floating gate mosfet fgmos insulated gate bipolar transistor igbt isfet ldmos mos field effect transistor mosfet multi gate field effect transistor mugfet power mosfet thin film transistor tft vmos umos qfet tunnel field effect transistor tfet high electron mobility transistor hemt rf cmos native transistor other transistors bipolar junction transistor bjt darlington transistor diffused junction transistor field effect transistor fet junction gate fet jfet organic fet ofet light emitting transistor let pentode transistor point contact transistor programmable unijunction transistor put static induction transistor sit tetrode transistor nanoscale vacuum channel transistor nvct single electron transistor set heterojunction bipolar transistor hbt mesfet heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor hebt itfet avalanche transistor junctionless nanowire transistor jlnt schottky transistor spin transistor ballistic collection transistor ballistic deflection transistor bdt drift field transistor organic electrochemical transistor oect spacistor surface barrier transistor synaptic transistor oxide thin film transistor nomfet grown junction transistor eosfet alloy junction transistor fe fet dna field effect transistor dnafet diodes avalanche diode shockley diode selenium rectifier fast diode single photon avalanche diode spad constant current diode cld crd gunn diode varicap impatt diode metal insulator metal diode mim diode transient voltage suppression diode tvs diode laser diode ld light emitting diode led organic light emitting diode oled photodiode pin diode p n diode tunnel diode avalanche photodiode apd solar cell multi junction solar cell mj hybrid solar cell schottky junction solar cell plasmonic solar cell heterojunction solar cell hjt schottky diode step recovery diode srd zener diode resonant tunneling diode rtd photoreflector backward diode geometric diode lr diode chua s diode baritt diode stabistor phosphorescent organic light emitting diode pholed thin film diode superluminescent diode sld josephson diode hole accumulation diode had silicon photomultiplier sipm metal rectifier bifacial solar cells bsc integrated circuits hybrid integrated circuit hic mixed signal integrated circuit mos integrated circuit mos ic three dimensional integrated circuit 3d ic photonic integrated circuit pic application specific integrated circuit asic field programmable gate array fpga system on a chip soc other devices diac heterostructure barrier varactor light emitting capacitor lec memistor memristor memtransistor memory cell metal oxide varistor mov organic semiconductor photodetector silicon controlled rectifier scr silicon controlled switch scs solaristor static induction thyristor sith thyristor trancitor triac varicap vertical cavity surface emitting laser vcsel gate turn off thyristor gto integrated gate commutated thyristor igct unijunction transistor ujt quantum cascade laser qcl photoresistor quantum dot display quantum dot solar cell photoelectrochemical cell dye sensitized solar cell plasmonic solar cell quantum dot laser quadrac interband cascade laser icl oscillistor mos composite static induction thyristor csmt mos controlled thyristor mct resistive opto isolator ro emitter turn off thyristor eto trisil quantum well infrared photodetector qwip quantum cascade detector qcd resonant cavity enhanced photo detector rce golay cell hybrid pixel detector semiconductor detector voltage regulators linear regulator low dropout regulator switching regulator buck boost buck boost split pi ćuk sepic charge pump switched capacitor vacuum tubes standard acorn tube audion beam tetrode barretter compactron diode fleming valve neutron tube nonode nuvistor pentagrid hexode heptode octode pentode photomultiplier pmt phototube tetrode triode x ray tube double diode triode additron tube computron tube micropup rf backward wave oscillator bwo cavity magnetron crossed field amplifier cfa gyrotron inductive output tube iot klystron maser sutton tube traveling wave tube twt vircator cathode ray tubes beam deflection tube charactron iconoscope magic eye tube monoscope selectron tube storage tube trochotron video camera tube williams tube gas filled tubes crossatron dekatron ignitron krytron mercury arc valve nixie tube thyratron trigatron voltage regulator tube geiger müller tube wire chamber neon lamp adjustable potentiometer digital variable capacitor varicap passive connector audio and video electrical power rf ferrite antifuse fuse resettable efuse resistor switch thermistor varistor reactive capacitor types ceramic resonator crystal oscillator inductor relay reed relay mercury relay other devices hall effect sensor squid spin valve magnetic tunnel junction mtj planar hall sensor ggnmos retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title hybrid_pixel_detector oldid 1371054181 categories particle detectors ionising radiation detectors cern this page was last edited on 24 august 2026 at 09 14 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia 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