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hydrogen clathrate wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 references 2 external links toggle the table of contents hydrogen clathrate 1 language français edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia a hydrogen clathrate is a clathrate containing hydrogen in a water lattice this substance is interesting due to its possible use to store hydrogen in a hydrogen economy 1 2 a recent review that accounts the state of the art and future prospects and challenges of hydrogen storage as clathrate hydrates is reported by veluswamy et al 2014 3 an unusual characteristic of hydrogen clathrate is that multiple hydrogen molecules can occur at each cage site in the ice one of only a very few guest molecule that forms clathrates with this property the maximum ratio of hydrogen to water is 6 h 2 to 17 h 2 o 4 it can be formed at 250k in a diamond anvil at a pressure of 300 mpa 3000 bar it takes about 30 minutes to form so this method is impractical for rapid manufacture 5 the percent of weight of hydrogen is 3 77 4 the cage compartments are hexakaidecahedral and hold from two to four molecules of hydrogen at temperatures above 160k the molecules rotate around inside the cage below 120k the molecules stop racing around the cage and below 50k are locked into a fixed position this was determined with deuterium in a neutron scattering experiment 4 at higher pressures hydrogen clathrate transforms into denser filled ice phases with progressively higher hydrogen to water ratios including a phase with a water hydrogen ratio of 1 1 above about 2 3 gpa this phase crystallises in a cubic structure where h 2 and h 2 o are both arranged in a diamond lattice 6 it is referred to as the c2 structure of hydrogen hydrate for compound 2 in the academic literature under even higher pressures over 40 gpa a cubic structure with a water hydrogen ratio of 1 2 has been reported h 2 o 2h 2 7 8 this phase is referred to as the c3 structure of hydrogen hydrate in the academic literature since hydrogen and water ice are common constituents of the universe it is very likely that under the right circumstances natural hydrogen clathrates will be formed this could occur in icy moons for example 9 hydrogen clathrate was likely to be formed in the high pressure nebulae that formed the gas giants but not to have formed in comets 10 more complex ternary clathrates can occur with hydrogen water and other molecules such as methane 9 and tetrahydrofuran 11 references edit hirscher michael ed 24 march 2010 clathrate hydrates handbook of hydrogen storage new materials for future energy storage wiley pp 63 79 doi 10 1002 9783527629800 ch3 isbn 978 3 527 62980 0 sabo dubravko sabo dubravko clawson jacalyn rempe susan greathouse jeffery martin marcus leung kevin varma sameer cygan randall alam todd 7 march 2007 hydrogen clathrate hydrates as a potential hydrogen storage material mar07 meeting of the american physical society 52 1 s39 012 bibcode 2007aps mars39012s retrieved 10 september 2011 veluswamy hari prakash kumar rajnish linga praveen 2014 hydrogen storage in clathrate hydrates current state of the art and future directions applied energy 122 112 132 bibcode 2014apen 122 112v doi 10 1016 j apenergy 2014 01 063 1 2 3 lokshin konstantin a yusheng zhao duanwei he wendy l mao ho kwang mao russell j hemley maxim v lobanov martha greenblatt 14 september 2004 structure and dynamics of hydrogen molecules in the novel clathrate hydrate by high pressure neutron diffraction physical review letters 93 12 125503 1 125503 4 bibcode 2004phrvl 93l5503l doi 10 1103 physrevlett 93 125503 pmid 15447276 mao wendy l mao a f goncharov v v struzhkin q guo j hu j shu r j hemley m somayazulu y zhao 2002 hydrogen clusters in clathratehydrate science 297 5590 2247 2249 bibcode 2002sci 297 2247m doi 10 1126 science 1075394 pmid 12351785 s2cid 24168225 vos willem l finger larry w hemley russell j mao ho kwang august 1996 pressure dependence of hydrogen bonding in a novel h2o h2 clathrate chemical physics letters 257 5 6 524 530 bibcode 1996cpl 257 524v doi 10 1016 0009 2614 96 00583 0 qian guang rui lyakhov andriy o zhu qiang oganov artem r dong xiao 8 july 2014 novel hydrogen hydrate structures under pressure scientific reports 4 5606 arxiv 1310 1157 bibcode 2014natsr 4 5606q doi 10 1038 srep05606 pmc 4085642 pmid 25001502 ranieri umbertoluca di cataldo simone rescigno maria monacelli lorenzo gaal richard santoro mario andriambariarijaona leon parisiades paraskevas de michele cristiano bove livia eleonora december 2023 observation of the most h2 dense filled ice under high pressure proceedings of the national academy of sciences 120 52 e2312665120 doi 10 1073 pnas 2312665120 hdl 11573 1702315 pmc 10756306 1 2 struzhkin viktor burkhard militzer wendy l mao ho kwang mao russell j hemley 7 december 2006 hydrogen storage in molecular clathrates pdf chem rev 107 10 4133 4151 doi 10 1021 cr050183d pmid 17850164 lunine jonathan i stevenson david j 1985 thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate at low and high pressures with application to the outer solar system the astrophysical journal supplement series 58 493 bibcode 1985apjs 58 493l doi 10 1086 191050 retrieved 10 september 2011 smirnov g s stegailov v v 17 december 2015 anomalous diffusion of guest molecules in hydrogen gas hydrates high temperature 53 6 829 836 bibcode 2015htemp 53 829s doi 10 1134 s0018151x15060188 s2cid 123843390 external links edit vos willem l larry w finger russel j hemley ho kwang mao 8 november 1993 novel h2 h2o clathrates at high pressure pdf physical review letters 71 19 3150 3153 bibcode 1993phrvl 71 3150v doi 10 1103 physrevlett 71 3150 pmid 10054870 permanent dead link retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title hydrogen_clathrate oldid 1377166584 categories clathrate hydrates energy technology natural gas technology hydrogen hidden categories all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from august 2024 articles with permanently dead external links this page was last edited on 28 september 2026 at 04 05 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a 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