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e challenging than on lower powered applications such as shunting locomotives and multiple units 10 the publication also observes that pressure to cut emissions within the railway industry is likely to play a role in stimulating demand for the uptake of hydrail 10 a key technology of a typical hydrogen propulsion system is the fuel cell this device converts the chemical energy contained within the hydrogen in order to generate electricity as well as water and heat 10 as such a fuel cell would operate in a manner that is essentially inverse to the electrolysis process used to create the fuel consuming pure hydrogen to produce electricity rather than consuming electrical energy to produce hydrogen albeit incurring some level of energy losses in the exchange 10 reportedly the efficiency of converting electricity to hydrogen and back again is just beneath 30 per cent roughly similar to contemporary diesel engines but less than conventional electric traction using overhead catenary wires the electricity produced by the onboard fuel cell would be fed into a motor to propel the train 10 overhead wire electrification costs are around eur 2m km so electrification is not cost efficient for low traffic routes and battery and hydrail solutions may be alternatives 11 railway industrial publication railway engineer has theorised that the expanding prevalence of wind power has led to some countries having surpluses of electrical energy during nighttime hours and that this trend could offer a means of low cost and highly available energy with which hydrogen could be conveniently produced via electrolysis 10 thus it is believed that the production of hydrogen using off peak electricity available from countries electrical grids will be one of the most economic practices available as of january 2017 hydrogen produced via electrolysis commonly costs roughly the same as natural gas and costs almost double the price of diesel fuel however unlike either of these fossil based fuels hydrogen propulsion produces zero vehicle emissions 10 a 2018 european commission report states that if hydrogen is produced by steam methane reforming hydrail emissions are 45 lower than diesel trains 11 according to rail engineer and alstom a 10 mw wind farm is capable of comfortably producing 2 5 t 2 5 long tons 2 8 short tons of hydrogen per day enough to power a fleet of 14 ilint trains over a distance of 600 km 370 mi per day 10 reportedly as of january 2017 production of hydrogen worldwide has been expanding in quantity and availability increasing its attractiveness as a fuel the need to build up a capable distribution network for hydrogen which in turn requires substantial investments to be made is likely to play a role in restraining the growth of hydrail at least in the short term 10 it was observed by railway technology that the rail industry has been historically slow to adopt new technologies and relatively conservative in outlook however a successful large scale deployment of this technology by an early adopter may be decisive in overcoming attitudes of reluctance and traditionalism 8 additionally there could be significant benefits to transitioning from diesel to hydrail propulsion according to the results of a study performed by a consortium of hitachi rail europe the university of birmingham and fuel cell systems ltd hydrail vehicles in the form of re powered diesel multiple units could be capable of generating significant energy consumption reductions reportedly their model indicated a saving of up to 52 percent on the norwich to sheringham line over conventional traction 10 an intermediate step using existing railroad technology is burning a mixture of diesel and hydrogen in conventional engines although this is not zero emission 12 hydrolley edit a hydrolley is a term for a streetcar or tram trolley powered by hydrail technology the term for hydro gen tro lley was coined at the fourth international hydrail conference valencia spain in 2008 as a research simplifying search engine target word onboard hydrogen derived power eliminates the need for overhead trolley arms and track electrification greatly reducing construction cost reducing visual pollution and eliminating the maintenance expense of track electrification the term hydrolley is preferred to hydrail light rail or other combinations which might connote external electrification citation needed safety edit main article hydrogen safety hydrogen is combustible in a wide range 4 74 of mixtures with air and explosive in 18 59 13 projects and prototypes edit this article is in list format but may read better as prose you can help by converting this article if appropriate editing help is available august 2022 in 2002 the first 3 6 t 3 5 long tons 4 0 short tons 17 kw 23 hp hydrogen powered mining locomotive powered by nuvera fuel cells for placer dome was demonstrated in val d or quebec 14 in april 2006 the world s first hydrail railcar which was developed by east japan railway company was developed 15 10 in october 2006 the railway technical research institute in japan conducted tests on a fuel cell hydrail a 70 t 68 9 long tons 77 2 short tons intercity train powered by nuvera fuel cells 16 in april 2007 the mini hydrail from the taiwan national science and technology museum and taiwan fuel cell partnership combination made its first educational ride 17 in 2007 the railway technical research institute in japan built two 62 t 61 0 long tons 68 3 short tons passenger cars each with a 450 kw 600 hp pem fuel cell and a 150 kw 200 hp battery 18 in 2008 the east japan railway company in japan tested its experimental ne train hybrid train fitted with two 65 kw 87 hp pem fuel cells and 19 kwh 68 mj lithium ion batteries for a short period in the nagano area citation needed in 2009 bnsf railway unveiled its vehicle projects hh20b a switcher locomotive powered by hydrogen fuel cells and developed in conjunction with the us army corps of engineers and vehicle projects inc 19 it reportedly performed its first run during 2010 10 in 2010 a 357 kilometre 222 mi high speed hydrail line was proposed in indonesia 20 the rail link now under feasibility study would connect several cities in java with a hydrogen powered maglev system 21 22 in 2011 feve and the university of valladolid cidaut launched the fc tram h 2 project in asturias using a converted fabiolos series 3400 from sncv 23 10 it can carry up to 30 passengers with a maximum speed of 20 km h 12 mph during 2012 the hydrogen train project in denmark commenced its efforts to develop and build europe s first hydrogen powered train using hydrogen in an internal combustion engine 24 25 in 2012 the mini hydrail hydrogen pioneer train from the university of birmingham a scaled powertrain for configuration testing 26 27 between 2012 and 2014 testing was conducted on the hydrail concept in china 28 in november 2010 southwest jiaotong university demonstrated their first hydrail prototype 29 during 2012 anglo american platinum amplats in south africa and vehicle projects inc launched 5 pemfc trident new era locomotives at the dishaba mine with reversible metal hydride storage for testing 30 31 in 2014 the german states of lower saxony north rhine westphalia baden württemberg and the public transportation authorities of hesse signed a letter of intent with alstom transport for trials with two fuel cell alstom coradia trains by 2018 32 during 2015 the university of warwick started work on a hydrogen powered locomotive citation needed that same year the downtown oranjestad streetcar in aruba went into service the downtown dubai trolley project is intended to go into service around burj khalifa and the dubai mall in dubai 33 in 2015 csr sifang co ltd showed its first 380 passenger tram in qingdao china 34 during september 2016 alstom revealed their newly developed ilint train produced at their factory in salzgitter in november 2017 the state of lower saxony s local transportation authority ordered an initial fleet of 14 ilints testing and approval by the german federal railway authority eisenbahn bundesamt commenced in late 2016 35 2016 crrc trc tangshan developed the world s first commercial fuel cell hybrid tram and completed its first test run on nanhu industrial tourism demonstration operation in 2017 2018 a pair of prototype ilint trains are to enter regular revenue service on the buxtehude bremervörde bremerhaven cuxhaven region schleswig holstein intends to electrify the entirety of its 1 100 km 680 mi network using a fleet of 60 ilint hydrail vehicles by 2025 8 as of january 2018 all vehicles are planned to be maintained at a depot in bremervorde which will be the world s first hydrogen train refuelling depot hydrogen is to be generated on site using local wind turbines 10 in september 2017 alstom proposed a trial of hydrogen fuel cell powered train on the new liverpool to chester line in england which is scheduled for opening in december 2018 alstom have a new facility in halebank on the edge of liverpool adjacent to the line with hydrogen available from the nearby stanlow refinery 36 in march 2018 the sarawak state government in malaysia proposed that the kuching light rail transit system will be powered using hydrogen fuel cells and is expected to be completed by 2024 37 however in september 2018 the sarawak chief minister announced that the project has been placed on hold citing that the funds were needed elsewhere 38 in june 2019 east japan railway company announced that it is investing into developing a two car trainset using hydrogen fuel cell technology from toyota hoping to start trials by 2021 and have commercially viable technology ready by 2024 toyota has been using fuel cell technology in the mirai cars 39 in june july 2019 italy s ministry of economic development gathered stakeholders input on hydrogen rollout projects in various sectors including rail transport 40 these included the conversion from diesel to hydrogen of a 310 km 190 mi railway link across four regions of central italy from sansepolcro tuscany to sulmona abruzzo developed by italy s cinque international together with us aecom spain s iberdrola and other local partners 41 the project was included in the priority list of italy s ministry of transport 42 and in the project pipeline of the european clean hydrogen alliance on 20 december 2021 the prime minister s office allocated 50m for the purchase of rolling stock and for three renewable hydrogen production sites alog the railway albeit limited to the terni rieti l aquila sulmona route 43 in november 2019 the first hydrogen fuel cell train in the united states was ordered from swiss manufacturer stadler rail for service on the soon to open arrow commuter rail service between redlands california and san bernardino california 44 on 17 march 2021 french railway company announced that 15 hydrail would be operated on the caen alençon le mans tours line northwest france in the next 5 years the line exclusively used diesel fuelled x 72500 and xgc 45 in april 2021 14 hydrail two of which optional were ordered by french railway company from alstom for an amount of 200 million euros the trains will be operated by 2025 in four regions auvergne rhône alpes bourgogne franche comté grand est et occitanie 46 these trains have 600 km of autonomy without direct co 2 emission 47 in september 2022 caltrans and calsta placed an order for 29 four on official order and 25 optional hydrogen fuel cell transits from stadler these trains will be used on amtrak california services 48 hydrogen locomotives bnsf caterpillar progress rail and chevron partnered up in 2021 to develop a hydrogen fuel cell locomotive prototype 49 50 csx and canadian pacific teamed up in 2023 to develop hydrogen conversion kits to retrofit diesel locomotives to hydrogen 51 the proposed valley link commuter rail service in northern california is planning to use zero emission hydrogen trainsets for its operations 52 53 2024 a hydrogen fuel cell passenger train developed by swiss rail vehicle maker stadler rail has achieved a new guinness world record travelling nonstop for a distance of 1 741 7 mi 2 803 0 km over two days 54 project hympulso is a spanish initiative announced in 2024 and led by talgo focused on the development of the world s first hydrogen powered high speed train furthermore the project seeks to analyze the feasibility to power spain s entire rail network which represents the second largest high speed network in the world 55 the integral coach factory in association with the indian railways plans to convert one dhmu into a hydrogen fuel cell based train it is planned to be rolled out in late 2025 and be used on the heritage kalka shimla route 56 57 the indian railways has begun a series of tests for a hydrogen train prototype in jind haryana built with eight coaches the hydrogen train reached a top speed of 70 km h 43 mph during its inaugural test run on march 2nd 2026 58 17 july 2026 the indian prime minister flagged off india s first indigenous hydrogen train between jind and sonipat covering 89 km 59 operating trains by country edit india edit india operates world s most powerful longest and farthest travelling hydrogen train it is a 10 car hydrogen fuel cell based train set powered by a 2x1200 kw hydrogen fuel cell propulsion system providing a 3 200 hp approved to operate at a maximum speed of 75 kmph with a design speed of 110 kmph it has capacity of around 2 600 passengers 60 the first service operates between jind sonipat section of the northern railway zone covering a distance of 89 km its coaches are based on urban metro designs and are equipped with dc air conditioning units automatic doors and a public announcement system india currently has world s largest electrified railway network 70 002 route kilometres with 100 electrified routes few remaining heritage hilly trains running on diesel will be migrated to hydrogen as part of national hydrogen mission under the hydrogen for heritage initiative india plans to deploy 35 zero emission hydrogen powered trains across vulnerable scenic mountainous and heritage routes to preserve the ecological balance germany edit in september 2018 the world s first commercial hydrogen powered passenger train entered service in lower saxony germany the alstom developed train uses a zero emission hydrogen fuel cell 61 in august 2022 the first rail line entirely run by hydrogen powered trains debuted in bremervörde lower saxony where the route s 15 diesel trains are being gradually replaced 62 japan edit the fv e991 series hydrogen train entered fare paying service in 2022 on the tsurumi line between yokohama and kawasaki as a test service 63 south korea edit in july 2024 38 hydrogen fuel cell trams manufactured by hyundai rotem were selected to operate on daejeon metro line 2 the supply contract has already been signed and delivery is scheduled to begin in 2026 the line is expected to enter service in 2028 64 united state...