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the (70), and (49), acid (33), modulators (29), glutamate (26), receptor (24), #anaesthetic (20), antagonists (19), ether (19), edit (19), agents (19), used (18), anesthetics (16), agonists (16), for (16), anesthetic (15), allosteric (15), volatile (14), was (12), tooltip (12), pmid (12), inhalational (11), site (11), from (11), isoflurane (11), gases (11), anesthesia (11), positive (10), general (10), also (10), metabotropic (10), chloroform (10), with (9), xenon (9), sevoflurane (9), oxide (9), enflurane (9), diethyl (9), anaesthesia (9), not (9), are (9), this (8), retrieved (8), mglur (8), nitrous (8), desflurane (8), sage (8), nitrogen (8), history (8), doi (8), wikipedia (7), about (7), may (7), use (7), org (7), ibotenic (7), halothane (7), acea (7), other (7), main (7), inhalation (7), first (7), have (7), action (7), see (6), negative (6), cyclopropane (6), sulfate (6), clinical (6), 2008 (6), gas (6), inhaled (6), than (6), they (6), been (6), that (6), such (6), page (5), 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21 rogers w h moeller g 1989 effect of brief repeated hyperbaric exposures on susceptibility to nitrogen narcosis undersea biomed res 16 3 227 32 issn 0093 5387 oclc 2068005 pmid 2741255 archived from the original on 2009 09 01 retrieved 2008 09 21 mekjavic i b savic s a eiken o 1995 nitrogen narcosis attenuates shivering thermogenesis journal of applied physiology 78 6 2241 2244 doi 10 1152 jappl 1995 78 6 2241 pmid 7665424 archived from the original on 2008 05 21 retrieved 2010 11 08 burov ne kornienko liu makeev gn potapov vn november december 1999 clinical and experimental study of xenon anesthesia anesteziol reanimatol 6 56 60 pmid 11452771 retrieved 2008 11 03 lerner richard a 9 december 1997 a hypothesis about the endogenous analogue of general anesthesia proceedings of the national academy of sciences 94 25 13375 13377 bibcode 1997pnas 9413375l doi 10 1073 pnas 94 25 13375 pmc 33784 pmid 9391028 nilson theresa l sinclair brent j roberts stephen p october 2006 the effects of carbon dioxide anesthesia and anoxia on rapid cold hardening and chill coma recovery in drosophila melanogaster journal of insect physiology 52 10 1027 1033 doi 10 1016 j jinsphys 2006 07 001 pmc 2048540 pmid 16996534 moriarty john d 1954 evaluation of carbon dioxide inhalation therapy american journal of psychiatry 110 10 765 769 doi 10 1176 ajp 110 10 765 pmid 13138755 comfortably numb science news online july 3 2004 www sciencenews org archived from the original on 2008 04 15 retrieved 2026 09 07 alembizar faranak hosseinkhani ayda salehi alireza may 2016 anesthesia and pain relief in the history of islamic medicine iranian journal of medical sciences 41 3 suppl s21 issn 0253 0716 pmc 5103527 pmid 27840487 1 2 3 4 terrell rc 1986 future development of volatile anesthetics zak zürich anaesthesiologie und intensivmedizin anaesthesiology and intensive care medicine vol 188 pp 87 92 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 71269 2_12 isbn 978 3 642 71269 2 citing fülöp miller r 1938 triumph over pain literary guild of america new york history of anesthesia wood library museum of anesthesiology wlm retrieved 2026 09 07 v t e general anesthetics n01a inhalational chloroform cyclopropane desflurane diethyl ether enflurane ethylene fluroxene halothane isoflurane methoxyflurane methoxypropane nitrous oxide sevoflurane trichloroethylene thiomethoxyflurane vinyl ether xenon injection phenols cipepofol ciprofol fospropofol propofol barbiturates amobarbital hexobarbital methohexital narcobarbital thiamylal thiopental thiotetrabarbital benzodiazepines midazolam diazepam lorazepam remimazolam opioids morphine oxycodone anileridine embutramide fentanyl alfentanil phenoperidine remifentanil sufentanil arylcyclohexylamines esketamine ketamine phencyclidine tiletamine neuroactive steroids alfadolone alfaxalone hydroxydione others etomidate propoxate metomidate propanidid who em withdrawn from market clinical trials phase iii never to phase iii v t e gaba a receptor positive modulators alcohols brometone butanol chloralodol chlorobutanol cloretone ethanol alcohol alcoholic drink ethchlorvynol isobutanol isopropanol menthol methanol methylpentynol pentanol petrichloral propanol tert butanol 2m2p tert pentanol 2m2b tribromoethanol trichloroethanol triclofos trifluoroethanol barbiturates dmbb allobarbital alphenal amobarbital aprobarbital barbexaclone barbital benzobarbital benzylbutylbarbiturate brallobarbital brophebarbital butabarbital secbutabarbital butalbital buthalital butobarbital butallylonal carbubarb crotylbarbital cyclobarbital cyclopentobarbital difebarbamate enallylpropymal ethallobarbital eterobarb febarbamate heptabarb heptobarbital hexethal hexobarbital methallatal metharbital methitural methohexital methylphenobarbital narcobarbital nealbarbital pentobarbital phenallymal phenobarbital phetharbital primidone probarbital propallylonal propylbarbital proxibarbital reposal secobarbital sigmodal spirobarbital talbutal tetrabamate tetrabarbital thialbarbital thiamylal thiobarbital thiobutabarbital thiopental thiotetrabarbital valofane vinbarbital vinylbital benzodiazepines 2 oxoquazepam 3 hydroxyphenazepam adinazolam alprazolam arfendazam avizafone bentazepam bretazenil bromazepam bromazolam brotizolam camazepam carburazepam chlordiazepoxide ciclotizolam cinazepam cinolazepam clazolam climazolam clobazam clonazepam clonazolam cloniprazepam clorazepate clotiazepam cloxazolam cp 1414s cyprazepam delorazepam demoxepam diazepam diclazepam dimdazenil doxefazepam elfazepam estazolam ethyl carfluzepate ethyl dirazepate ethyl loflazepate etizolam fg 8205 fletazepam flubromazepam flubromazolam fludiazepam flunitrazepam flunitrazolam flurazepam flutazolam flutemazepam flutoprazepam fosazepam gidazepam halazepam haloxazolam iclazepam imidazenil irazepine ketazolam lofendazam lopirazepam loprazolam lorazepam lormetazepam meclonazepam medazepam menitrazepam metaclazepam mexazolam midazolam motrazepam n desalkylflurazepam nifoxipam nimetazepam nitrazepam nitrazepate nitrazolam nordazepam nortetrazepam oxazepam oxazolam phenazepam pinazepam pivoxazepam prazepam premazepam proflazepam pyrazolam qh ii 66 quazepam reclazepam remimazolam rilmazafone ripazepam ro48 6791 ro48 8684 sh 053 r ch3 2 f sulazepam temazepam tetrazepam tolufazepam triazolam triflubazam triflunordazepam ro5 2904 tuclazepam uldazepam zapizolam zolazepam zomebazam carbamates carisbamate carisoprodol clocental cyclarbamate difebarbamate emylcamate ethinamate febarbamate felbamate hexapropymate hydroxyphenamate lorbamate mebutamate meprobamate nisobamate pentabamate phenprobamate procymate styramate tetrabamate tybamate flavonoids 6 methylapigenin ampelopsin dihydromyricetin apigenin baicalein baicalin catechin egc egcg hispidulin linarin luteolin rc ome skullcap constituents e g baicalin wogonin imidazoles etomidate metomidate methoxyetomidate propoxate isopropoxate butomidate iso butomidate sec butomidate cf2 etomidate cf3 etomidate cf3 propoxate flutomidate 2 6 dichloro 3 fluoroetomidate kava constituents 10 methoxyyangonin 11 methoxyyangonin 11 hydroxyyangonin desmethoxyyangonin 11 methoxy 12 hydroxydehydrokavain 7 8 dihydroyangonin kavain 5 hydroxykavain 5 6 dihydroyangonin 7 8 dihydrokavain 5 6 7 8 tetrahydroyangonin 5 6 dehydromethysticin methysticin 7 8 dihydromethysticin yangonin monoureides acecarbromal apronal apronalide bromisoval carbromal capuride ectylurea neurosteroids acebrochol allopregnanolone brexanolone alfadolone alfaxalone 3α androstanediol androstenol androsterone certain anabolic androgenic steroids cholesterol cortisol hydrocortisone dhdoc 3α dhp 5α dhp 5β dhp dht etiocholanolone etx 155 ganaxolone hydroxydione lpcn 1154 minaxolone nora 520 org 20599 org 21465 p1 185 posovolone prax 114 pregnanolone eltanolone progesterone renanolone sage 105 sage 324 sage 516 sage 689 sage 872 testosterone thdoc zuranolone nonbenzodiazepines cyclopyrrolones eszopiclone pagoclone pazinaclone suproclone suriclone zopiclone imidazopyridines alpidem ds 1 necopidem saripidem zolpidem pyrazolopyrimidines divaplon fasiplon indiplon lorediplon ocinaplon panadiplon taniplon zaleplon others adipiplon axs 17 baer 101 azd 7325 cgs 8216 cgs 9896 cgs 13767 cgs 20625 cl 218 872 cp 615 003 ctp 354 elb 139 enx 102 tpa 023b gbld 345 imepitoin jm 1232 l 838 417 lirequinil ro41 3696 miltirone rosmariquinone ns 2664 ns 2710 ns 11394 ns 11821 pipequaline rod 188 rwj 51204 sb 205 384 sx 3228 tgsc01aa tp 003 tpa 023 tp 13 u 89843a u 90042 viqualine y 23684 phenols cipepofol fospropofol propofol propofol hemisuccinate thymol piperidinediones glutethimide methyprylon piperidione pyrithyldione pyrazolopyridines cartazolate etazolate ici 190 622 tracazolate quinazolinones afloqualone cloroqualone diproqualone etaqualone mebroqualone mecloqualone methaqualone methylmethaqualone nitromethaqualone sl 164 volatiles gases acetone acetophenone acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate aliflurane benzene butane butylene centalun chloral chloral betaine chloral hydrate chloroform cryofluorane desflurane dichloralphenazone dichloromethane diethyl ether enflurane ethyl chloride ethylene fluroxene gasoline halopropane halothane isoflurane kerosine methoxyflurane methoxypropane nitric oxide nitrogen nitrous oxide norflurane paraldehyde propane propylene roflurane sevoflurane synthane teflurane toluene trichloroethane methyl chloroform trichloroethylene vinyl ether others unsorted 3 hydroxybutanal α emtbl aa 29504 alogabat avermectins e g ivermectin bromide compounds e g lithium bromide potassium bromide sodium bromide carbamazepine chloralose chlormezanone clomethiazole darigabat deabl deuterated etifoxine dihydroergolines e g dihydroergocryptine dihydroergosine dihydroergotamine ergoloid dihydroergotoxine ds2 efavirenz etazepine etifoxine fenamates e g flufenamic acid mefenamic acid niflumic acid tolfenamic acid fluoxetine flupirtine hopantenic acid krm ii 81 lanthanum lavender oil lignans e g 4 o methylhonokiol honokiol magnolol obovatol loreclezole menthyl isovalerate validolum monastrol nezavist dcuk oet nicotinic acid nicotinamide ntx 1955 ro 7308480 org 25 435 phenytoin propanidid retigabine ezogabine safranal seproxetine stiripentol sulfonylalkanes e g sulfonmethane sulfonal tetronal trional terpenoids e g borneol topiramate valerian constituents e g isovaleric acid isovaleramide valerenic acid valerenol unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators α pinene mrk 409 mk 0343 tcs 1105 tcs 1205 see also receptor signaling modulators gaba receptor modulators gaba metabolism transport modulators glutamate receptor modulators v t e ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators ampar tooltip α amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionic acid receptor agonists main site agonists 5 fluorowillardiine acromelic acid acromelate ampa boaa domoic acid glutamate ibotenic acid proline quisqualic acid willardiine positive allosteric modulators aniracetam cyclothiazide cx 516 cx 546 cx 614 farampator cx 691 org 24448 cx 717 cx 1739 cx 1942 diazoxide hydrochlorothiazide hctz idra 21 ly 392098 ly 395153 ly 404187 ly 451646 ly 503430 mibampator ly 451395 nooglutyl org 26576 oxiracetam pepa pesampator biib 104 pf 04958242 piracetam pramiracetam s 18986 tulrampator s 47445 cx 1632 antagonists acea 1011 atpo becampanel caroverine cnqx dasolampanel dnqx fanapanel mpqx gams kaitocephalin kynurenic acid kynurenine licostinel acea 1021 nbqx pnqx selurampanel tezampanel theanine topiramate ym90k zonampanel negative allosteric modulators barbiturates e g pentobarbital sodium thiopental cyclopropane enflurane ethanol alcohol evans blue gyki 52466 gyki 53655 halothane irampanel isoflurane perampanel pregnenolone sulfate rap 219 sevoflurane talampanel unknown unsorted antagonists minocycline kar tooltip kainate receptor agonists main site agonists 5 bromowillardiine 5 iodowillardiine acromelic acid acromelate ampa atpa domoic acid glutamate ibotenic acid kainic acid ly 339434 proline quisqualic acid sym 2081 positive allosteric modulators cyclothiazide diazoxide enflurane halothane isoflurane antagonists acea 1011 cnqx dasolampanel dnqx gams kaitocephalin kynurenic acid licostinel acea 1021 ly 382884 nbqx ns102 selurampanel tezampanel theanine topiramate ubp 302 negative allosteric modulators barbiturates e g pentobarbital sodium thiopental enflurane ethanol alcohol evans blue ns 3763 pregnenolone sulfate nmdar tooltip n methyl d aspartate receptor agonists main site agonists amaa aspartate glutamate homocysteic acid l hca homoquinolinic acid ibotenic acid nmda proline quinolinic acid tetrazolylglycine theanine glycine site agonists β fluoro d alanine acbd acc acpc acpd ak 51 apimostinel nrx 1074 b6b21 ccg d alanine d cycloserine d serine dhpg dimethylglycine glycine ha 966 l 687 414 l alanine l serine milacemide neboglamine nebostinel rapastinel glyx 13 sarcosine polyamine site agonists neomycin spermidine spermine other positive allosteric modulators 24 s hydroxycholesterol dhea tooltip dehydroepiandrosterone prasterone dhea sulfate prasterone sulfate epipregnanolone sulfate plazinemdor pregnenolone sulfate sage 201 sage 301 sage 718 antagonists competitive antagonists ap5 apv ap7 cgp 37849 cgp 39551 cgp 39653 cgp 40116 cgs 19755 cpp kaitocephalin ly 233053 ly 235959 ly 274614 mdl 100453 midafotel d cppene npc 12626 npc 17742 pbpd peaqx perzinfotel ppda sdz 220581 selfotel glycine site antagonists 4 cl kyn av 101 5 7 dcka 7 cka acc acea 1011 acea 1328 apimostinel nrx 1074 av 101 carisoprodol cgp 39653 cnqx d cycloserine dnqx felbamate gavestinel gv 196771 harkoseride kynurenic acid kynurenine l 689560 l 701324 licostinel acea 1021 lu 73068 mdl 105519 meprobamate mrz 2 576 pnqx rapastinel glyx 13 zd 9379 polyamine site antagonists arcaine co 101676 diaminopropane diethylenetriamine huperzine a putrescine uncompetitive pore blockers mostly dizocilpine site 2 mdp 3 ho pcp 3 meo pce 3 meo pcmo 3 meo pcp 4 meo pcp 8a pdhq 18 mc α endopsychosin alaproclate alazocine skf 10047 amantadine aptiganel argiotoxin 636 arketamine arl 12495 arl 15896 ar arl 16247 budipine cns 5161 coronaridine delucemine nps 1506 dexoxadrol dextrallorphan dextromethadone dextromethorphan dextrorphan dieticyclidine diphenidine dizocilpine ephenidine esketamine etoxadrol eticyclidine f 17475 fluorolintane gacyclidine ibogaine ibogamine indantadol ketamine ketobemidone lanicemine levomethadone levomethorphan levomilnacipran levorphanol loperamide memantine methadone methorphan methoxetamine methoxphenidine milnacipran morphanol nefa neramexane nitromemantine noribogaine norketamine orphenadrine pcpr pd 137889 pethidine meperidine phencyclamine phencyclidine propoxyphene remacemide rhynchophylline rimantadine rolicyclidine sabeluzole tabernanthine tenocyclidine tiletamine tramadol ifenprodil nr2b site antagonists besonprodil buphenine nylidrin co 101244 pd 174494 eliprodil haloperidol isoxsuprine radiprodil rgh 896 rislenemdaz cerc 301 mk 0657 ro 8 4304 ro 25 6981 safaprodil traxoprodil cp 101606 nr2a selective antagonists mpx 004 mpx 007 tcn 201 tcn 213 cations hydrogen magnesium zinc alcohols volatile anesthetics related benzene butane chloroform cyclopropane desflurane diethyl ether enflurane ethanol alcohol halothane hexanol isoflurane methoxyflurane nitrous oxide octanol sevoflurane toluene trichloroethane trichloroethanol trichloroethylene urethane xenon xylene unknown unsorted antagonists arr 15896 bq 869 bumetanide caroverine conantokin d αaa dexanabinol flufenamic acid flupirtine fpl 12495 fr 115427 furosemide hodgkinsine ipenoxazone mlv 6976 mdl 27266 metaphit minocycline mpep niflumic acid pentamidine pentamidine isethionate piretanide psychotridine transcrocetin saffron unsorted allosteric modulators agn 241751 see also receptor signaling modulators metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators glutamate metabolism transport modulators v t e metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators group i mglur 1 tooltip metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 agonists acpd dhpg glutamate ibotenic acid quisqualic ac...