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4 00 softbank group 2018 23 5 34 30 13 agricultural bank of china 2010 22 1 35 32 63 industrial and commercial bank of china 2006 21 9 36 34 98 american international assurance 2010 20 5 37 30 27 visa inc 2008 19 7 38 29 46 general motors 2010 18 15 39 26 80 ntt docomo 1998 18 05 38 35 65 enel 1999 16 59 38 32 06 facebook 2012 16 01 40 22 45 largest ipo markets edit prior to 2009 the united states was the leading issuer of ipos in terms of total value year stock exchange proceeds in bn usd 2009 hong kong stock exchange 41 2010 2011 2012 42 new york stock exchange 2013 43 2014 43 2015 44 hong kong stock exchange 2016 44 25 2 2017 44 new york stock exchange 29 4 2018 45 hong kong stock exchange 31 2 2019 46 40 4 2020 47 nasdaq 57 8 2021 48 100 6 2022 49 shanghai stock exchange 56 5 2023 50 31 3 2024 51 national stock exchange of india 20 3 2025 52 hong kong stock exchange 36 9 2026 mid year 53 nasdaq 113 4 see also edit alternative public offering direct public offering public offering without listing reverse takeover smaller reporting company special purpose acquisition company venture capital references edit note the price the company receives from the institutional investors is the ipo price hirst scott kastiel kobi 1 may 2019 corporate governance by index exclusion boston university law review 99 3 1229 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 investor bulletin investing in an ipo pdf u s securities and exchange commission february 2013 retrieved 9 june 2026 poitras geoffrey geranio manuela 2016 trading of shares in the societates publicanorum pdf explorations in economic history 61 95 118 doi 10 1016 j eeh 2016 01 003 s2cid 155816750 via elsevier malmendier ulrike december 2009 law and finance at the origin journal of economic literature 47 4 1076 1108 doi 10 1257 jel 47 4 1076 issn 0022 0515 books reading chapter one the washington post retrieved 27 november 2016 exhibits america s first ipo museum of american finance moaf org retrieved 12 july 2012 the laws that govern the securities industry securities and exchange commission retrieved 12 december 2014 uk listing authority retrieved 12 december 2014 lipman international and u s ipo planning isbn 978 0 470 39087 0 series 79 investment banking representative qualification examination study manual 41st edition securities trading corporation 2010 chen hsuan chi ritter jay r 2000 the seven percent solution the journal of finance 55 3 1105 1131 doi 10 1111 0022 1082 00242 1 2 ljungqvist alexander p jenkinson tim wilhelm william j jr 2003 global integration in primary equity markets the role of u s banks and u s investors the review of financial studies 16 1 63 99 doi 10 1093 rfs hhg010 1 2 robert e wright reforming the u s ipo market lessons from history and theory accounting business and financial history november 2002 419 437 robert e wright and richard sylla corporate governance and stockholder stakeholder activism in the united states 1790 1860 new data and perspectives in jonathan koppell ed origins of shareholder advocacy new york palgrave macmillan 2011 231 51 popular terms from our ipo glossary nasdaq 21 march 2019 retrieved 9 june 2026 registration statement on form s 1 u s securities and exchange commission 1 february 2012 retrieved 10 december 2017 taulli tom 26 february 2012 the main players in an initial public offering investorplace archived from the original on 24 july 2014 retrieved 22 july 2014 ten of nation s top investment firms settle enforcement actions involving conflicts of interest between research and investment banking sec 28 april 2003 retrieved 23 july 2014 gould michael how non gaap measures can impact your ipo transaction advisors issn 2329 9134 archived from the original on 6 november 2018 retrieved 16 january 2015 morricone serena munari federico oriani raffaele de rassenfosse gaétan 2017 commercialization strategy and ipo underpricing pdf research policy 46 6 1133 1141 doi 10 2139 ssrn 2966036 s2cid 157454297 demos telis 21 june 2012 what is a dutch auction the wall street journal retrieved 16 october 2012 what is a dutch auction ipo slate magazine 6 may 1999 retrieved 16 october 2012 sommer jeff 18 february 2012 no bitter aftertaste from this stock offering the new york times journal of business technology law academic journals university of maryland francis king carey school of law pdf archived from the original pdf on 27 october 2011 retrieved 27 november 2016 hensel nayantara 4 november 2005 are dutch auctions right for your ipo working knowledge harvard business school archived from the original on 2 october 2017 retrieved 16 october 2012 anand anita indira is the dutch auction ipo a good idea queen s university law and economics workshop queen s university retrieved 21 july 2021 whiteglove seeks to raise 32 5 million in dutch auction ipo statesman archived from the original on 4 november 2013 retrieved 16 october 2012 cowan lynn 21 september 2011 whiteglove health shelves ipo indefinitely the wall street journal retrieved 16 october 2012 1 2 regulatory notice 15 30 equity research pdf finra retrieved 21 july 2021 spacex ipo raised 10bn more than thought bbc 15 june 2026 retrieved 17 june 2026 aramco s greenshoe option pushes ipo to 29 4 billion arab news 12 january 2020 retrieved 15 january 2020 alibaba ipo biggest in history as bankers exercise green shoe option the new york times 18 september 2013 softbank corp ipo second biggest in history fortune com 11 december 2018 agricultural bank of china sets ipo record as size raised to 22 1 billion bloomberg 15 august 2010 icbc completed its record 21 9 billion ipo in october 2006 bloomberg 28 july 2010 aia s ipo boosted to 20 5 billion with overallotment bloomberg 29 october 2010 1 2 3 grocer stephen 17 november 2010 how gm s ipo stacks up against the biggest ipos on record the wall street journal gm says total offering size 23 1 billion including overallotment options bloomberg 26 november 2010 rusli evelyn m eavis peter 17 may 2012 facebook raises 16 billion in i p o the new york times china eclipses us as top ipo venue financial times 28 december 2011 archived from the original on 10 december 2022 deloitte releases statistics on hong kong and mainland ipos in 2012 deloitte china press release 1 2 global ipo market booms 50 in 2014 cnbc 18 december 2014 1 2 3 bullock nicole 27 december 2017 global number of ipos highest since financial crisis financial times archived from the original on 10 december 2022 hong kong regains global ipo crown from new york in 2018 thanks to its listing reforms 24 december 2018 hong kong ranks top in global ipo markets for 2019 caixin retrieved 26 november 2021 hong kong ranks as 2nd largest ipo market in 2020 13 january 2021 archived from the original on 22 september 2023 retrieved 26 march 2021 mainland china and hong kong ipo markets 2021 review and 2022 outlook pdf retrieved 26 december 2021 chinese mainland and hong kong ipo markets 2023 q1 review pdf retrieved 24 june 2023 chinese mainland and hong kong ipo markets 2023 and 2024 outlook pdf retrieved 29 january 2024 chinese mainland and hong kong ipo markets 2025 review and 2026 outlook pdf kpmg 10 december 2025 chinese mainland and hong kong ipo markets 2026 q1 review kpmg 9 april 2026 chinese mainland and hong kong ipo markets 2026 mid year review pdf kpmg 26 june 2026 further reading edit anderlini jamil 13 august 2010 agbank ipo officially the world s biggest financial times retrieved 13 august 2010 pricing the biggest ipo in history china business asia times 29 september 2006 archived from the original on 5 december 2008 retrieved 21 september 2011 bradley d j jordan b d ritter j r 2003 the quiet period goes out with a bang journal of finance 58 1 1 36 doi 10 1111 1540 6261 00517 campbell dakin 2022 going public how silicon valley rebels loosened wall street s grip on the ipo and sparked a revolution new york twelve isbn 978 1 5387 0788 3 oclc 1257292746 chambers clem 2006 07 14 who needs stock exchanges exchanges handbook mondo visione accessed 21 september 2011 drucker steven puri m 2007 banks in capital markets in eckbo b e ed handbook of corporate finance vol 1 boston elsevier isbn 978 0 444 50898 0 friesen geoffrey c swift christopher 2009 overreaction in the thrift ipo aftermarket journal of banking finance 33 7 1285 1298 doi 10 1016 j jbankfin 2009 01 002 goergen m khurshed a mudambi r 2006 the strategy of going public how uk firms choose their listing contracts journal of business finance and accounting 33 1 2 306 328 doi 10 1111 j 1468 5957 2006 00657 x s2cid 153405433 ssrn 886408 goergen m khurshed a mudambi r 2007 the long run performance of uk ipos can it be predicted managerial finance 33 6 401 419 doi 10 1108 03074350710748759 gregoriou greg 2006 initial public offerings ipos butterworth heineman an imprint of elsevier isbn 978 0 7506 7975 6 archived from the original on 14 march 2007 retrieved 15 june 2006 hu bei and vannucci cecile bloomberg com published 2010 10 29 retrieved 2011 09 21 ipo definitions ipo initial public offerings archived from the original on 21 august 2011 retrieved 14 september 2011 khurshed a mudambi r 2002 the short run price performance of investment trust ipos on the uk main market applied financial economics 12 10 697 706 doi 10 1080 09603100010025706 s2cid 55180392 loughran t ritter j r 2002 why don t issuers get upset about leaving money on the table in ipos review of financial studies 15 2 413 443 doi 10 1093 rfs 15 2 413 loughran t ritter j r 2004 why has ipo underpricing changed over time pdf financial management 33 3 5 37 mudambi r treichel m z 2005 cash crisis in newly public internet based firms an empirical analysis journal of business venturing 20 4 543 571 doi 10 1016 j jbusvent 2004 03 003 ssrn 535002 quiet period u s securities and exchange commission 18 august 2005 retrieved 4 march 2008 external links edit nasdaq database of all u s initial public offerings beginning jan 1997 v t e corporate finance and investment banking capital structure convertible debt exchangeable debt mezzanine debt pari passu preferred equity second lien debt senior debt senior secured debt shareholder loan share capital subordinated debt warrant transactions terms conditions equity offerings at the market offering book building bookrunner bought deal bought out deal corporate spin off direct public offering equity carve out follow on offering greenshoe reverse initial public offering pre ipo private placement public offering rights issue seasoned equity offering secondary market offering underwriting mergers and acquisitions buy side contingent value rights control premium demerger divestment drag along right management due diligence management entrenchment mandatory offer minority discount pitch book pre emption right proxy fight post merger integration sell side shareholder rights plan special purpose entity special situation squeeze out staggered board of directors stock swap supermajority amendment synergy tag along right takeover reverse tender offer leverage debt restructuring debtor in possession financing dividend recapitalization financial sponsor leveraged buyout leveraged recapitalization high yield debt private equity project finance valuation accretion dilution analysis adjusted present value associate company business valuation conglomerate discount cost of capital weighted average discounted cash flow economic value added enterprise value fairness opinion financial modeling free cash flow free cash flow to equity market value added minority interest mismarking modigliani miller theorem net present value pure play real options residual income stock valuation sum of the parts analysis tax shield terminal value valuation using multiples list of investment banks outline of finance v t e financial markets types of markets primary market secondary market third market fourth market types of stocks common stock golden share preferred stock restricted stock tracking stock share capital authorised capital issued shares shares outstanding treasury stock participants broker floor broker inter dealer broker broker dealer market maker trader floor trader proprietary trader quantitative analyst investor hedger speculator arbitrager scalper regulator trading venues exchange list of major stock exchanges over the counter off exchange alternative trading system ats multilateral trading facility mtf electronic communication network ecn direct market access dma straight through processing stp dark pool private exchange crossing network liquidity aggregator stock valuation alpha arbitrage pricing theory apt beta buffett indicator cap to gdp book value bv capital asset pricing model capm capital market line cml dividend discount model ddm dividend yield earnings yield ev ebitda fed model net asset value nav security characteristic line security market line sml t model trading theories and strategies algorithmic trading buy and hold contrarian investing dollar cost averaging efficient market hypothesis emh fundamental analysis growth stock market timing modern portfolio theory mpt momentum investing mosaic theory pairs trade post modern portfolio theory pmpt random walk hypothesis rmh sector rotation style investing swing trading technical analysis trend following value averaging value investing quantitative analysis finance related terms bid ask spread block trade cross listing dividend dual listed company dupont analysis efficient frontier financial law flight to quality government bond greenspan put haircut initial public offering ipo long mandatory offer margin market anomaly market capitalization market depth market manipulation market trend mean reversion momentum open outcry order book position public float public offering rally returns based style analysis reverse stock split share repurchase shareholder value short selling short squeeze slippage speculation squeeze out stock dilution stock exchange stock market index stock split stock swap trade tender offer uptick rule volatility voting interest yield authority control databases international gnd national united states japan czech republic israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title initial_public_offering oldid 1369236609 categories initial public offering stock market terminology contexts for auctions hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use american english from october 2025 all wikipedia articles written in american english use dmy dates from march 2021 this page was last edited on 13 august 2026 at 18 35 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct 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