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insect reproductive system wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 internal toggle internal subsection 1 1 female 1 2 male 2 external toggle external subsection 2 1 genitalia 3 meiosis 4 see also 5 references toggle the table of contents insect reproductive system 2 languages español മലയാളം edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia ways different insect species reproduce most insects reproduce oviparously i e by laying eggs the eggs are produced by the female in a pair of ovaries sperm produced by the male in one testicle or more commonly two is transmitted to the female during mating by means of external genitalia the sperm is stored within the female in one or more spermathecae at the time of fertilization the eggs travel along oviducts to be fertilized by the sperm and are then expelled from the body laid in most cases via an ovipositor internal edit female edit the female genitalia of lepidoptera female insects are able to make eggs receive and store sperm manipulate sperm from different males and lay eggs their reproductive systems are made up of a pair of ovaries accessory glands one or more spermathecae and ducts connecting these parts the ovaries make eggs and accessory glands produce the substances to help package and lay the eggs spermathecae store sperm for varying periods of time and along with portions of the oviducts can control sperm use the ducts and spermathecae are lined with a cuticle 1 880 the ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes called ovarioles which vary in size and number by species the number of eggs that the insect is able to make varies according to the number of ovarioles with the rate at which eggs develop being also influenced by ovariole design in meroistic ovaries the eggs to be divide repeatedly and most of the daughter cells become helper cells for a single oocyte in the cluster in panoistic ovaries each egg to be produced by stem germ cells develops into an oocyte there are no helper cells from the germ line production of eggs by panoistic ovaries tends to be slower than that by meroistic ovaries 1 880 accessory glands or glandular parts of the oviducts produce a variety of substances for sperm maintenance transport and fertilization as well as for protection of eggs they can produce glue and protective substances for coating eggs or tough coverings for a batch of eggs called oothecae spermathecae are tubes or sacs in which sperm can be stored between the time of mating and the time an egg is fertilized paternity testing of insects has revealed that some and probably many female insects use the spermatheca and various ducts to control or bias sperm used in favor of some males over others 1 880 male edit male genitalia of lepidoptera the main component of the male reproductive system is the testicle suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body the more primitive apterygote insects have a single testis and in some lepidopterans the two maturing testes are secondarily fused into one structure during the later stages of larval development although the ducts leading from them remain separate however most male insects have a pair of testes inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac the follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas deferens and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside a portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female the seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm the ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and as a result has a cuticular lining the terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be sclerotized to form the intromittent organ the aedeagus the remainder of the male reproductive system is derived from embryonic mesoderm except for the germ cells or spermatogonia which descend from the primordial pole cells very early during embryogenesis 1 885 external edit variety of male structures in phlebotominae diptera psychodidae the ground plan of the abdomen of an adult insect typically consists of 11 12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum sternum and perhaps a pleurite terga are separated from each other and from the adjacent sterna or pleura by a membrane spiracles are located in the pleural area variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites during the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects 11 abdominal segments are present in modern insects there is a tendency toward reduction in the number of the abdominal segments but the primitive number of 11 is maintained during embryogenesis variation in abdominal segment number is considerable if the apterygota are considered to be indicative of the ground plan for pterygotes confusion reigns adult protura have 12 segments collembola have 6 the orthopteran family acrididae has 11 segments and a fossil specimen of zoraptera has a 10 segmented abdomen 1 generally the first seven abdominal segments of adults the pregenital segments are similar in structure and lack appendages however apterygotes bristletails and silverfish and many immature aquatic insects have abdominal appendages apterygotes possess a pair of styles rudimentary appendages that are serially homologous with the distal part of the thoracic legs and mesally one or two pairs of protrusible or exsertile vesicles on at least some abdominal segments these vesicles are derived from the coxal and trochanteral endites inner annulated lobes of the ancestral abdominal appendages aquatic larvae and nymphs may have gills laterally on some to most abdominal segments 2 49 of the rest of the abdominal segments consist of the reproductive and anal parts the anal genital part of the abdomen known as the terminalia consists generally of segments 8 or 9 to the abdominal apex segments 8 and 9 bear the genitalia segment 10 is visible as a complete segment in many lower insects but always lacks appendages and the small segment 11 is represented by a dorsal epiproct and pair of ventral paraprocts derived from the sternum a pair of appendages the cerci articulates laterally on segment 11 typically these are annulated and filamentous but have been modified e g the forceps of earwigs or reduced in different insect orders an annulated caudal filament the median appendix dorsalis arises from the tip of the epiproct in apterygotes most mayflies ephemeroptera and a few fossil insects a similar structure in nymphal stoneflies plecoptera is of uncertain homology these terminal abdominal segments have excretory and sensory functions in all insects but in adults there is an additional reproductive function 2 49 genitalia edit see also aedeagus lepidoptera genitalia and paramere the organs concerned specifically with mating and the deposition of eggs are known collectively as the external genitalia although they may be largely internal insect genitalia especially male genitalia are often directionally asymmetrical and this trait has evolved multiple times in various orders 3 the components of the external genitalia of insects are very diverse in form and often have considerable taxonomic value particularly among species that appear structurally similar in other respects the male external genitalia have been used widely to aid in distinguishing species whereas the female external genitalia may be simpler and less varied the terminalia of adult female insects include internal structures for receiving the male copulatory organ and his spermatozoa and external structures used for oviposition egg laying most female insects have an egg laying tube or ovipositor it is absent in termites parasitic lice many plecoptera and most ephemeroptera ovipositors take two forms true or appendicular formed from appendages of abdominal segments 8 and 9 substitutional composed of extensible posterior abdominal segments meiosis edit meiosis is a fundamental aspect of insect reproductive systems and likely has an adaptive function similar to that of meiosis in eukaryotes generally studies of meiosis in the insect drosophila melanogaster at the molecular level have provided insight into the adaptive function of meiosis mutants of d melanogaster that are defective in genes mei41 and mei9 that encode products employed in meiosis were found to display decreased meiotic recombination and also to have increase sensitivity to the dna damaging agents x rays uv methyl methanesulfonate and nitrogen mustard 4 these results link meiotic recombination to dna repair and suggest that a function of recombination during meiosis in d melanogaster is repair of damages in germ line dna see also edit insect reproduction telomere insect morphology a part of the insect reproductive system reproductive system of gastropods reproductive system of arachnids references edit 1 2 3 4 5 resh vincent h ring t carde july 1 2009 encyclopedia of insects 2 ed u s a academic press isbn 978 0 12 374144 8 1 2 gullan p j p s cranston 2005 the insects an outline of entomology 3 ed oxford blackwell publishing pp 22 48 isbn 1 4051 1113 5 huber bernhard sinclair bradley schmitt michael november 2007 the evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects biological reviews of the cambridge philosophical society 84 4 cambridge university press 647 98 doi 10 1111 j 1469 185x 2007 00029 x issn 1464 7931 pmid 17944621 s2cid 36580596 baker bs boyd jb carpenter at green mm nguyen td ripoll p smith pd nov 1976 genetic controls of meiotic recombination and somatic dna metabolism in drosophila melanogaster proc natl acad sci u s a 73 11 4140 4 doi 10 1073 pnas 73 11 4140 pmc 431359 pmid 825857 v t e animal sexual behaviour general sexual selection sexual reproduction evolution reproductive system hormonal motivation courtship display sexual ornamentation handicap principle sexy son hypothesis fisherian runaway mating systems mate choice mating call mate guarding mating plug lek mating copulation cloacal kiss sexual intercourse pelvic thrust pseudocopulation fertilisation internal external sperm competition traumatic insemination penile spines modes monogamy promiscuity polyandry polygyny polygynandry semelparity and iteroparity opportunistic hermaphroditism cuckoldry seasonal synchrony sexual dimorphism anisogamy oogamy bateman s principle bimaturism cannibalism coercion sexual conflict interlocus intralocus interspecies breeding non reproductive behavior fisher s principle invertebrates arthropods insect beetle butterfly scorpion spider cephalopods octopus cnidaria sea anemone jellyfish coral echinoderms gastropods apophallation love dart sponge worms earthworm epitoky penis fencing fish spawning strategies polyandry in fish eels salmon run seahorse sharks amphibians sexual selection frogs frog reproduction salamanders reptiles sexual selection in scaled reptiles lizards snakes side blotched lizard crocodylians tuatara birds sexual selection breeding behaviour golden eagle seabirds homosexual behavior mammals sexual selection rut lordosis behavior homosexual behavior canid african wild dog coyote dingo domestic dog gray wolf red fox dolphin elephant european badger felidae lion tiger cheetah domestic cat fossa hippopotamus spotted hyena marsupial kangaroo pinnipeds walrus primates human bonobo gorilla olive baboon mandrill ringtailed lemur sexual swelling raccoon rodent short beaked echidna retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title insect_reproductive_system oldid 1369117009 categories insect morphology animal reproductive system hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata this page was last edited on 13 august 2026 at 01 08 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents insect reproductive system 2 languages add topic