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instrumentation amplifier wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 types 2 see also 3 references 4 external links toggle the table of contents instrumentation amplifier 15 languages català dansk deutsch español eesti euskara فارسی français हिन्दी italiano русский slovenščina українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia precision differential amplifier with input buffering this article is about amplifiers for measurement and electronic test equipment for amplifiers for musical instruments or in transducers see instrument amplifier typical instrumentation amplifier schematic an instrumentation amplifier sometimes shorthanded as in amp or inamp is a precision differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment additional characteristics include very low dc offset low drift low noise very high open loop gain very high common mode rejection ratio and very high input impedances instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short and long term are required although the instrumentation amplifier is usually shown schematically identical to a standard operational amplifier op amp the electronic instrumentation amplifier is almost always internally composed of 3 op amps these are arranged so that there is one op amp to buffer each input and one to produce the desired output with adequate impedance matching for the function 1 2 while the instrumentation amplifier is optimized for the task of precise amplification of high impedance voltage signals this design choice comes at the cost of flexibility the instrumentation amplifier is thus not intended to perform integration differentiation rectification or any other non voltage gain function which are best left to op amps 3 the most commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit is shown in the figure the gain of the circuit is a v v out v 2 v 1 1 2 r 1 r gain r 3 r 2 displaystyle a_ v frac v_ text out v_ 2 v_ 1 left 1 frac 2r_ 1 r_ text gain right frac r_ 3 r_ 2 the rightmost amplifier along with the resistors labelled r 2 displaystyle r_ 2 and r 3 displaystyle r_ 3 is just the standard differential amplifier circuit with gain r 3 r 2 displaystyle r_ 3 r_ 2 and differential input resistance 2 r 2 displaystyle 2 cdot r_ 2 the two amplifiers on the left are the buffers with r gain displaystyle r_ text gain removed open circuited they are simple unity gain buffers the circuit will work in that state with gain simply equal to r 3 r 2 displaystyle r_ 3 r_ 2 and high input impedance because of the buffers the buffer gain could be increased by putting resistors between the buffer inverting inputs and ground to shunt away some of the negative feedback however the single resistor r gain displaystyle r_ text gain between the two inverting inputs is a much more elegant method it increases the differential mode gain of the buffer pair while leaving the common mode gain equal to 1 this increases the common mode rejection ratio cmrr of the circuit and also enables the buffers to handle much larger common mode signals without clipping than would be the case if they were separate and had the same gain another benefit of the method is that it boosts the gain using a single resistor rather than a pair thus avoiding a resistor matching problem and very conveniently allowing the gain of the circuit to be changed by changing the value of a single resistor a set of switch selectable resistors or even a potentiometer can be used for r gain displaystyle r_ text gain providing easy changes to the gain of the circuit without the complexity of having to switch matched pairs of resistors the ideal common mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero in the circuit shown common mode gain is caused by mismatch in the resistor ratios r 2 r 3 displaystyle r_ 2 r_ 3 and by the mismatch in common mode gains of the two input op amps obtaining very closely matched resistors is a significant difficulty in fabricating these circuits as is optimizing the common mode performance 4 an instrumentation amplifier can also be built with two op amps to save on cost but the gain must be higher than two 6 db 5 6 instrumentation amplifiers can be built with individual op amps and precision resistors but are also available in integrated circuit form from several manufacturers including texas instruments analog devices and renesas electronics an ic instrumentation amplifier typically contains closely matched laser trimmed resistors and therefore offers excellent common mode rejection examples include ina128 ad8221 lt1167 and max4194 instrumentation amplifiers can also be designed using indirect current feedback architecture which extend the operating range of these amplifiers to the negative power supply rail and in some cases the positive power supply rail this can be particularly useful in single supply systems where the negative power rail is simply the circuit ground gnd examples of parts utilizing this architecture are max4208 max4209 and ad8129 ad8130 archived 11 november 2014 at the wayback machine types edit feedback free instrumentation amplifier is the high input impedance differential amplifier designed without the external feedback network this allows reduction in the number of amplifiers one instead of three reduced noise no thermal noise is brought on by the feedback resistors and increased bandwidth no frequency compensation is needed chopper stabilized or zero drift instrumentation amplifiers such as the ltc2053 use a switching input frontend to eliminate dc offset errors and drift see also edit electronics portal isolation amplifier operational amplifier applications references edit r f coughlin f f driscoll operational amplifiers and linear integrated circuits 2nd ed 1982 isbn 0 13 637785 8 p 161 moore davis coplan building scientific apparatus 2nd ed 1989 isbn 0 201 13189 7 p 407 riskin jeffrey r an 244 a user s guide to instrumentation amplifiers pdf analog devices smither pugh and woolard cmrr analysis of the 3 op amp instrumentation amplifier electronics letters volume 13 issue 20 29 september 1977 page 594 don t fall in love with one type of instrumentation amp edn retrieved 28 october 2014 amplifiers for bioelectric events a design with a minimal number of parts biosemi com retrieved 3 october 2011 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to instrumentation amplifiers interactive analysis of the instrumentation amplifier archived 12 january 2019 at the wayback machine opamp instrumentation amplifier archived 2 march 2011 at the wayback machine lessons in electric circuits volume iii the instrumentation amplifier a practical review of common mode and instrumentation amplifiers archived 16 may 2011 at the wayback machine instrumentation amplifier solutions circuits and applications fixed gain cmos differential amplifiers with no external feedback for a wide temperature range cryogenics retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title instrumentation_amplifier oldid 1356399851 category electronic amplifiers hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from february 2020 webarchive template wayback links commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 27 may 2026 at 14 47 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents instrumentation amplifier 15 languages add topic