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account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 methods toggle methods subsection 1 1 mixed intercropping 1 2 row crops 1 3 temporal 1 4 alley cropping 2 potential benefits toggle potential benefits subsection 2 1 resource partitioning 2 2 mutualism 2 3 pest management 2 3 1 limitations 3 gallery 4 see also 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents intercropping 22 languages العربية català deutsch eesti فارسی suomi français हिन्दी հայերեն bahasa indonesia igbo italiano tyap 한국어 മലയാളം bahasa melayu português русский simple english தமிழ் українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia agricultural method coconut and mexican marigold a multilayer cropping 1 in india agriculture history west asia ancient egypt ancient greece ancient rome austronesia agricultural science agricultural history review arab agricultural revolution argentina canada china chile columbian exchange green revolution indian subcontinent mesoamerica middle ages neolithic revolution organic farming palestine peru united kingdom british agricultural revolution cheshire scotland united states african american california on land agrivoltaic animal husbandry cattle pigs poultry sheep dairy dryland extensive fertilizer free range grazing convertible husbandry rotational grazing hobby intensive animals pigs crops natural monoculture orchard organic paddy field ranching sharecropping sowing colonia slash and burn smallholding terrace steam sterilization hydroculture aquaculture aquaponics hydroponics aeroponics related agribusiness agricultural cooperative agricultural supplies agricultural science agricultural engineering agricultural technology precision biotechnology agroforestry agronomy animal husbandry animal free agriculture cash crop cellular agriculture cultural methods contract farming extensive farming farm farmhouse feed ratio free range horticulture intensive farming animals pigs crops mechanised agriculture organic farming paludiculture permaculture plantation polyculture rice duck farming rice fish system sustainable agriculture sustainable food system universities and colleges urban agriculture lists agriculturist profession agricultural machinery food origins government ministries universities and colleges categories agricultural machinery agriculture by country agriculture companies biotechnology cannabis cultivation history of agriculture livestock meat industry poultry farming agriculture and the environment agriculture portal v t e intercropping is a multiple cropping practice that involves the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field a form of polyculture 2 3 the most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop methods edit the degree of spatial and temporal overlap in the two crops can vary somewhat but both requirements must be met for a cropping system to be an intercrop numerous types of intercropping all of which vary the temporal and spatial mixture to some degree have been identified 4 5 mixed intercropping edit mixed intercropping consists of multiple crops freely mixed in the available space in the 21st century it remains a common practice in ethiopia eritrea georgia and a few other places freely mixed intercropping has been practiced for thousands of years in medieval england farmers mixed oat and barley which they called dredge or dredge corn to make livestock feed french peasants similarly ground wheat and rye together to make pain de méteil or bread of mixed grains ease of harvesting and buyer preferences led later farmers to plant single species fields instead 6 row crops edit further information companion planting a row crop is a crop that can be planted in rows wide enough to allow it to be tilled or otherwise cultivated by agricultural machinery machinery tailored for the seasonal activities of row crops such crops are sown by drilling or transplanting rather than broadcasting they are often grown in market gardening truck farming contexts or in kitchen gardens growing row crops first started in ancient china in the 6th century bc citation needed temporal edit temporal intercropping uses the practice of sowing a fast growing crop with a slow growing crop so that the fast growing crop is harvested before the slow growing crop starts to mature this can provide greater yield than either crop alone 7 further temporal separation is found in relay cropping where the second crop is sown during the growth often near the onset of reproductive development or fruiting of the first crop so that the first crop is harvested to make room for the full development of the second crop rotation is a related practice but is not a form of intercropping as the different crops are grown in separate growing seasons rather than in a single season alley cropping edit alley cropping has crop strips alternating with rows of closely spaced tree or hedge species normally the trees are pruned before planting the crop the cut leafy material for example from alchornea cordifolia and acioa barteri is spread over the crop area to provide nutrients in addition to nutrients the hedges serve as windbreaks and reduce erosion 8 in tropical north and south america various species of inga such as i edulis and i oerstediana have been used for alley cropping 9 weed control is inherent to alley cropping by providing mulch and shade 8 inga alley cropping 10 offers an alternative to the ecologically destructive slash and burn cultivation it increases yields and is more sustainable as it allows the land to be cultivated repeatedly eliminating the need for slash and burn to get fertile plots 11 inga trees native to central and south america grow well on acid soils of tropical rainforest or former rainforest they are leguminous fixing nitrogen into a form usable by plants 12 the leaves form a thick mulch that protects both soil and roots from sun and rain the trees form a thick canopy that cuts off light from the weeds below and withstand annual pruning 12 the technique was developed and trialled by tropical ecologist mike hands in costa rica in the late 1980s and early 90s he showed that the tough leaves of the inga tree decomposed quickly enough to be useful as a mulch 11 potential benefits edit resource partitioning edit further information resource partitioning careful planning is required taking into account the soil climate crops and varieties it is particularly important not to have crops competing with each other for physical space nutrients water or sunlight examples of intercropping strategies are planting a deep rooted crop with a shallow rooted crop or planting a tall crop with a shorter crop that requires partial shade inga alley cropping has been proposed as an alternative to the ecological destruction of slash and burn farming 11 when crops are carefully selected other agronomic benefits are also achieved 3 13 14 mutualism edit intercropping systems can provide higher yields for the same input or more stable yields with less input in low input or subsistence systems 15 planting two crops in close proximity can especially be beneficial when the two plants interact in a way that increases one or both of the plant s fitness and therefore yield for example plants that are prone to tip over in wind or heavy rain lodging prone plants may be given structural support by their companion crop 16 climbing plants such as black pepper can also benefit from structural support some plants are used to suppress weeds or provide nutrients 17 intercropping of compatible plants can encourage biodiversity mcdaniel et al 2014 and lori et al 2017 finding a legume intercrop to increase soil diversity 18 or by providing a habitat for a variety of insects and soil organisms that would not be present in a single crop environment these organisms may provide crops valuable nutrients such as through nitrogen fixation 19 20 21 22 pest management edit further information pest control there are several ways in which increasing crop diversity may help improve pest management for example such practices may limit outbreaks of crop pests by increasing predator biodiversity 23 additionally reducing the homogeneity of the crop can potentially increase the barriers against biological dispersal of pest organisms through the crop there are several ways pests typically herbivorous insects can be controlled through intercropping trap cropping this involves planting a crop nearby that is more attractive for pests compared to the production crop the pests will target this crop and not the production crop repellant intercrops an intercrop that has a repellent effect to certain pests can be used this system involved the repellant crop masking the smell of the production crop in order to keep pests away from it push pull cropping this is a mixture of trap cropping and repellant intercropping an attractant crop attracts the pest and a repellant crop is also used to repel the pest away 24 limitations edit intercropping to reduce pest damage in agriculture has been deployed with varying success for example while many trap crops have successfully diverted pests off of focal crops in small scale greenhouse garden and field experiments 25 only a small portion of these plants have been shown to reduce pest damage at larger commercial scales 25 26 furthermore increasing crop diversity through intercropping does not necessarily increase the presence of the predators of crop pests in a systematic review of the literature in 2008 in the studies examined predators of pests tended to increase under crop diversification strategies in only 53 percent of studies and crop diversification only led to increased yield in only 32 of the studies 27 a common explanation for reported trap cropping failures is that attractive trap plants only protect nearby plants if the insects do not move back into the main crop in a review of 100 trap cropping examples in 2006 only 10 trap crops were classified as successful at a commercial scale 26 and in all successful cases trap cropping was supplemented with management practices that specifically limited insect dispersal from the trap crop back into the main crop 26 gallery edit chili pepper intercropped with coffee in colombia s southwestern cauca department rice in a young banana field mixed intercropping of oat and rye in brastad sweden see also edit chaos gardening companion planting ecological sanitation food feed system organic farming permaculture sustainable agriculture three sisters agriculture references edit improving nutrition through home gardening home garden technology leaflet 13 multilayer cropping fao 2001 hatcher p e melander b 19 september 2003 combining physical cultural and biological methods prospects for integrated non chemical weed management strategies weed research 43 5 303 322 bibcode 2003weedr 43 303h doi 10 1046 j 1365 3180 2003 00352 x issn 0043 1737 1 2 abdulkareem basim mohammed mokhtassi bidgoli ali ayyari mahdi keshtkar eshagh eyni nargeseh hamed 15 march 2024 enhancing cotton sustainability multi factorial intercropping irrigation and weed effects on productivity quality and physiology heliyon 10 5 e27135 bibcode 2024heliy 1027135a doi 10 1016 j heliyon 2024 e27135 issn 2405 8440 pmc 10912634 pmid 38444487 andrews d j kassam a h 2015 the importance of multiple cropping in increasing world food supplies multiple cropping asa special publications pp 1 10 doi 10 2134 asaspecpub27 c1 isbn 978 0 89118 293 1 lithourgidis a s dordas c a damalas c a vlachostergios d n 2011 annual intercrops an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture pdf australian journal of crop science 5 4 396 410 tarlach gemma 29 october 2022 this ancient grain sowing method could be farming s future wired issn 1059 1028 retrieved 31 october 2022 dong nan tang ming ming zhang wei ping bao xing guo wang yu christie peter li long 15 february 2018 temporal differentiation of crop growth as one of the drivers of intercropping yield advantage pdf scientific reports 8 1 doi 10 1038 s41598 018 21414 w pmc 5814522 pmid 29449595 retrieved 27 september 2025 1 2 tripathi bansh r psychas paul j 1992 the afneta alley farming training manual vol 1 core course in alley farming ibadan alley farming network for tropical africa afneta pp xi 180 hdl 10568 49807 isbn 978 131 074 x oclc 29771935 s2cid 130266228 agris id xf2016015795 hdl 20 500 12478 5101 elkan daniel 20 february 2005 the rainforest saver the ecologist adam david earthshakers the top 100 green campaigners of all time the guardian 28 november 2006 1 2 3 elkan daniel 21 april 2004 fired with ambition slash and burn farming has become a major threat to the world s rainforest the guardian 1 2 rainforestsaver org what is inga alley cropping archived 4 march 2016 at the wayback machine nawaz ahmad farooq muhammad cheema sardar alam cheema zahid ata 2014 role of allelopathy in weed management in chauhan bhagirath s mahajan gulshan eds recent advances in weed management new york ny springer pp 39 61 doi 10 1007 978 1 4939 1019 9_3 isbn 978 1 4939 1019 9 retrieved 27 august 2024 stomph tjeerdjan dordas christos baranger alain de rijk joshua dong bei evers jochem gu chunfeng li long simon johan 1 january 2020 sparks donald l ed chapter one designing intercrops for high yield yield stability and efficient use of resources are there principles advances in agronomy vol 160 academic press pp 1 50 doi 10 1016 bs agron 2019 10 002 retrieved 27 august 2024 brooker rob w bennett alison e cong wen feng daniell tim j george timothy s et al 2015 improving intercropping a synthesis of research in agronomy plant physiology and ecology new phytologist 206 1 107 117 doi 10 1111 nph 13132 issn 0028 646x retrieved 21 january 2026 trenbath b r 2015 plant interactions in mixed crop communities multiple cropping asa special publications pp 129 169 doi 10 2134 asaspecpub27 c8 isbn 978 0 89118 293 1 mount pleasant jane 2006 the science behind the three sisters mound system an agronomic assessment of an indigenous agricultural system in the northeast in staller john e tykot robert h benz bruce f eds histories of maize multidisciplinary approaches to the prehistory linguistics biogeography domestication and evolution of maize amsterdam academic press pp 529 537 isbn 978 1 5987 4496 5 saleem muhammad hu jie jousset alexandre 2 november 2019 more than the sum of its parts microbiome biodiversity as a driver of plant growth and soil health annual review of ecology evolution and systematics 50 1 a...