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the formation of pangea around 300 mya when the appalachians were at their peak height the central plains of laurentia were subjected to deposition of eroded sediment from these mountains 6 the oldest sediments from this period are felsic igneous rocks and granite that have since been metamorphosed while the younger sediments are made up of sandstone shale limestone and coal sediments deposited in the interior plains from this era are currently buried deep beneath the surface where they are difficult to study 7 mesozoic era 252 to 66 million years ago edit around 220 mya the supercontinent pangea broke apart and the north american continent began to move west and isolate itself for much of this period the interior plains were covered by inland seas 8 during the jurassic period the sundance sea formed along the western coast of the north american continent and extended from northern canada to the interior plains covering parts of wyoming montana north dakota and south dakota coquina and sandstone layers from marine deposition were deposited on top of rock layers from the paleozoic era 9 during the cretaceous period another inland sea called the western interior seaway was formed this body of water extended from present day alaska to the gulf of mexico and covered almost all the interior plains west of the current boundary of the mississippi river limestone shale couplets as well as carbonate layers are commonly found in sedimentary deposits from this inland sea 10 towards the end of this period the inland seas began to drain due to uplift from the formation of the rocky mountains 8 cenozoic era 66 million years ago to present day edit the laramide orogeny event was when the western cordillera was formed due to the flat slab subduction of the farallon plate under the north american plate this created the frontal range of the rockies from montana through new mexico the outcrops seen at the surface of the rockies are made up of sandstone granite and limestone as well as metamorphic rocks uplifted from the proterozoic period the interior plains have remained relatively flat during this period and recent sedimentation is from erosion of the newly formed rocky mountains as well as continued erosion from appalachia in general rocky mountain sediment is deposited on the plains west of the mississippi river and appalachian sediment is deposited to the east of the mississippi river 11 glacial history edit 2 6 million years ago at the start of the pleistocene epoch the laurentide ice sheet began to spread southwards to cover north america down to the northern great plains on the western side of the interior plains and down into most of minnesota and wisconsin 12 the laurentide ice sheet had a large influence on the morphology of the interior plains during the end of the pleistocene during the retreat the laurentide scoured numerous pockets of sediment upon the plate s melting those pockets were filled resulting in the kettle lakes the great lakes 13 and both great slave lake and great bear lake 14 of canada were formed by the laurentide during the retreat the laurentide gouged and filled the glacial paleolake mcconnell in northern canada 15 as the region uplifted and rebounded isostatically from the mass of the ice sheet paleolake mcconnell was split into great slave lake and great bear lake great slave lake s basin formed under the 4 kilometer thick keewatin dome that today is the deepest lake in north america 16 a vast amount of smaller lakes were formed as well and serve an integral part of ethos in the surrounding regions for example minnesota is often referred to as the land of 10 000 lakes 17 due to the number and widespread recreational use of the state s lakes much of the loess distributed within the interior plains has its origin in glaciers in glaciated conditions sand and silt laden meltwater originating from alpine glaciers in the rocky mountains generated alluvial deposits at their base this alluvium was then distributed throughout the interior plains by strong winds 12 sediment transport edit sediment transport within the interior plains occurs primarily by aeolian and fluvial processes 18 due to climate change the average temperature of the interior plains is increasing and the region is becoming more arid because of the increase in rainstorm intensity rain driven erosion will grow as a factor of soil erosion in the interior plains 19 fluvial processes edit civil engineering projects have altered the fluvial geomorphology of the interior plains normal sediment transport by river and channel systems is interrupted by river blocking structures such as dams and flow regulators before 1900 the estimated annual sediment transport by the mississippi river to the gulf of mexico was 400 million tons 20 however in the early 20th century engineering projects including dams were created on the missouri river meander cutoffs river training bank revetments and soil erosion control have reduced the annual transport rate to between 100 and 150 million tons of sediment per year the artificial structures trap suspended sediment from traveling as it would in an un engineered river 18 aeolian processes edit while average annual temperatures vary significantly between the northern and southern portions of the interior plains the climate is characterized by susceptibility to droughts due to generally low annual precipitation 21 due to a warm climate and evapotranspiration rates surpassing precipitation rates 21 the southern interior plains are highly susceptible to droughts and soil erosion a significant feature of aeolian erosion in the interior plains is the ubiquitous loess deposits the deposits were placed by winds during the pleistocene epoch 22 the nebraska sand dunes are an example of the sand and loess during the epoch 23 these dunes were formed during the pleistocene by northwesterly winds depositing alluvial silt and sand that loess is so prevalent in the interior plains is evidence of significant aeolian erosion as deposits are generally accumulations of wind blown dust 24 loess hills in western iowa along i 80 following world war i wheat farming in the fertile loess soil of the interior plains swelled the expansion of farmland eliminated many prairies containing soil stabilizing grasses 25 while droughts in the region were common 21 during the following drought aeolian soil erosion was exacerbated by the reduced soil holding prairie grasses dust storms eroded hundreds of millions of tons of topsoil causing dust storms for months in the historical region known as the dust bowl on may 12 1934 alone an estimated 200 million tons of wind eroded topsoil were transported to the atlantic ocean 25 in response to the rapid aeolian erosion soil preservation methods were implemented in the years following the dust bowl 18 500 miles 29 800 km of shelterbelt were planted by the works progress administration to reduce wind intensity 26 current land use edit grassland and shrubland make up the largest portion of the interior plains within the united states at 44 4 percent 27 the western margin is mainly shortgrass prairie dominated by blue grama and buffalograss prairies on the eastern side of the interior plains are dominated by tall grass varieties including big bluestem and switchgrass the two regions are separated by mixed grass prairie which contains both short and long grass varieties as well as little bluestem and western wheatgrass 28 land used for cattle grazing is included under this classification which sustains nearly 50 percent of all united states beef cattle 29 in canada provinces located within the interior plains produce nearly 60 percent of all beef cattle 29 much of the land in the interior plains is used for agriculture in the year 2000 43 8 percent of the great plains portion of the interior plains were used for agriculture 27 by far wheat comprises the largest portion of the agricultural yield in region combined wheat exports from the interior plains make up more than half of the world s exports 29 other significant crops produced in the region include barley corn cotton sorghum soybeans and canola which is particularly important to canadian exports 29 other sources comprise much smaller portions of the land in decreasing percentage forests make up 5 8 wetland makes up 1 6 developed land makes up 1 5 barren land makes up 6 and land used for mining makes up 1 27 physiography edit the interior plains physiographic area stretches across canada and the united states and the two governments each use a different hierarchical system to classify their portions in canada the interior plains makes up one of seven physiographic areas included in the highest level of classification defined as a region in that country in the united states it is one of eight physiographic areas of the contiguous 48 states included in the highest classification defined as a division there 30 31 interior plains in canada edit the interior plains of canada are one of seven physiographic areas included in the highest level classification in that country that country calls this primary classification level region for some of the seven regions a subregion schema is provided for other physiographic regions such as the interior plains and appalachian uplands subregions are not developed but the tertiary level called division in canada is used in the mapping data 32 the following list is of the 14 physiographic divisions in the interior plains of canada further information can be found at https atlas gc ca phys en index html alberta plain alberta plateau anderson plain colville hills cypress hills fort nelson lowland great bear plain great slave plain horton plain manitoba plain peace river lowland peel plain peel plateau saskatchewan plain interior plains in the united states edit the following is a breakdown of the secondary provinces and tertiary sections physiographic areas of the interior plains portion in the united states 33 central lowland edit dissected till plains eastern lake osage plains till plains western lake wisconsin driftless great plains edit black hills central texas colorado piedmont edwards plateau high plains missouri plateau glaciated missouri plateau unglaciated pecos valley plains border raton interior low plateau edit highland rim lexington rim nashville basin see also edit great plains shortgrass prairie mixed grass prairie tallgrass prairie prairie prairies ecozone canadian prairies geography of north america references edit donald f acton j m ryder hugh french march 14 2015 physiographic regions canadian encyclopedia retrieved june 2 2019 interior plains 1 2 north america britannica retrieved november 21 2020 achache josé courtillot vincent xiu zhou yao 1984 paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of southern tibet since middle cretaceous time new paleomagnetic data and synthesis journal of geophysical research 89 b12 10311 10340 bibcode 1984jgr 8910311a doi 10 1029 jb089ib12p10311 st onge marc r searle michael p wadicka natasha july 18 2016 trans hudson orogen of north america and himalaya karakoram tibetan orogen of asia structural and thermal characteristics of the lower and upper plates tectonics 25 4 2 6 doi 10 1029 2005tc001907 robison richard a crick rex e paleozoic era britannica encyclopedia britannica retrieved november 23 2020 the blue ridge and appalachian mountains a geologic history blue ridge dream living the blue ridge dream may 15 2017 retrieved november 23 2020 dykeman wilma appalachian mountains britannica encyclopedia britannica retrieved november 23 2020 1 2 slattery joshua s cobban william a mckinney kevin c harries peter j sandness ashley l early cretaceous to paleocene paleogeography of the western interior seaway the interaction of eustasy and tectonism in marron bingle davis ed wyoming geological association 68th annual field conference vol 68 wyoming geological association retrieved november 23 2020 via researchgate uhler david m akers aurthur vondra carl f october 1988 tidal inlet sequence sundance formation upper jurassic north central wyoming sedimentology 35 5 739 752 bibcode 1988sedim 35 739u doi 10 1111 j 1365 3091 1988 tb01248 x retrieved november 23 2020 elder william p gustason edmund r sageman bradley b july 1994 correlation of basinal carbonate cycles to nearshore parasequences in the late cretaceous greenhorn seaway western interior u s a gsa bulletin 106 7 892 902 bibcode 1994gsab 106 892e doi 10 1130 0016 7606 1994 106 0892 cobcct 2 3 co 2 retrieved november 23 2020 matthews ii vincent 1978 laramide folding associated with basement block faulting in the western united states the geological society of america pp 355 357 360 363 364 isbn 0813711517 retrieved november 23 2020 1 2 wayne william j glaciation encyclopedia of the great plains great lakes ecoregion national oceanic and atmospheric administration retrieved november 15 2020 johnson lionel november 1 1975 physical and chemical characteristics of great bear lake northwest territories journal of the fisheries board of canada 32 11 1971 1987 doi 10 1139 f75 234 smith derald g 1995 glacial lake mcconnell paleogeography age duration and associated river deltas mackenzie river basin western canada quaternary science reviews 13 9 10 829 843 doi 10 1016 0277 3791 94 90004 3 christoffersen poul tulaczyk slawek wattrus nigel j peterson justin quintana krupinski nadine clark chris d sjunneskog charlotte july 1 2008 large subglacial lake beneath the laurentide ice sheet inferred from sedimentary sequences geology 36 7 563 566 bibcode 2008geo 36 563c doi 10 1130 g24628a 1 mnlakes mnlakes retrieved november 20 2020 1 2 simon a artita k simon k darby s leyland j june 2020 changes in hydrology and suspended sediment transport in the mississippi river basin over the past century united states corps of engineers hdl 11681 37073 garbrecht jurgen d nearing mark a steiner jean l zhang xunchang j nichols mary h december 2015 can conservation trump impacts of climate change on soil erosion an assessment from winter wheat cropland in the southern great plains of the united states weather and climate extremes 10 a 32 39 bibcode 2015wce 10 32g doi 10 1016 j wace 2015 06 002 meade r h october 2009 causes for the decline of suspended sediment discharge in the mississippi river system hydrological processes 24 2267 2274 doi 10 1002 hyp 7477 1 2 3 shafer mark ojima dennis great plains national climate assessment retrieved november 12 2020 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link muhs d r bettis e a january 2000 geochemical variations in peoria loess of western iowa indicate paleowinds of midcontinental north america during the last glaciation quaternary research 53 1 49 61 bibcode 2000qures 53 49m doi 10 1006 qres 1999 2090 sand hills nebraska nasa retrieved november 18 2020 pye k 1996 the nature origin and accumulation of loess quaternary science reviews 14 7 8 653 667 doi 10 1016 0277 3791 95 00047 x 1 2 hurt r douglas dust bowl encyclopedi...