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projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia the international network working group inwg was a group of prominent computer science researchers in the 1970s who studied and developed standards and protocols for interconnection of computer networks set up in 1972 as an informal group to consider the technical issues involved in connecting different networks its goal was to develop an international standard protocol for internetworking inwg became a subcommittee of the international federation for information processing ifip the following year concepts developed by members of the group contributed to the protocol for packet network intercommunication proposed by vint cerf and bob kahn in 1974 and the transmission control protocol and internet protocol tcp ip that emerged later history edit founding and ifip affiliation edit the international network working group was formed by steve crocker louis pouzin donald davies and peter kirstein in june 1972 in paris at a networking conference organised by pouzin 1 2 crocker saw that it would be useful to have an international version of the network working group which developed the network control program for the arpanet 3 at the international conference on computer communication iccc in washington d c in october 1972 vint cerf was approved as inwg s chair on crocker s recommendation 4 5 6 nb 1 the group included american researchers representing the arpanet nb 2 and the merit network the french cyclades and rcp networks nb 3 and british teams working on the npl network epss and european informatics network 4 7 during early 1973 pouzin arranged affiliation with the international federation for information processing ifip inwg became ifip working group 1 under technical committee 6 data communication with the title international packet switching for computer sharing wg6 1 this standing although informal enabled the group to provide technical input on packet networking to ccitt and iso 4 6 8 9 10 its purpose was to study and develop international standard protocols for internetworking 11 inwg published a series numbered notes some of which were also rfcs 4 12 gateways routers edit the idea for a router called a gateway at the time was initially described in inwg note 1 a report written in october 1972 by donald davies npl uk p shanks post office uk frank heart bbn us b barker bbn us rémi després ptt france v detwiler ubc canada and o riml bell northern research canada 4 13 these gateway devices were different from most previous packet switching schemes in two ways first they connected dissimilar kinds of networks such as serial lines and local area networks second they were connectionless devices which had no role in assuring that traffic was delivered reliably leaving that function entirely to the hosts 14 this particular idea the end to end principle had been pioneered in the cyclades network 15 proposal for an international end to end protocol edit a second sub group considered host to host protocol requirements this group consisted of barry wessler arpa us vint cerf stanford university us kjell samuelson stockholm university derek barber npl uk c d shephard deptartment of communications canada louis pouzin iria france brian sexton npl uk william clipsham uk keith sandum alex mckenzie bbn us and jeremy tucker logica uk in their initial report in october 1972 they listed existing protocols for various networks that they planned to review including the walden message switching protocol arpa h h protocol npl high level protocol cyclades protocol spss protocol etc 4 16 inwg met in new york in june 1973 attendees included cerf bob kahn alex mckenzie bob metcalfe roger scantlebury john shoch and hubert zimmermann among others 4 17 18 19 they discussed a first draft of an international transmission protocol itp 4 zimmermann and metcalfe dominated the discussions zimmermann had been working with pouzin on the cyclades network while metclafe shoch and others at xerox parc had been developing the idea of ethernet and the parc universal packet pup for internetworking 20 17 notes from the meetings were recorded by cerf and mckenzie which was circulated after the meeting inwg 28 4 12 there was a follow up meeting in july gerard lelann and g grossman made contributions after the june meeting 4 building on this work in september 1973 kahn and cerf presented a paper host and process level protocols for internetwork communication at the next inwg meeting at the university of sussex in england inwg 39 21 their ideas were refined further in long discussions with davies scantlebury pouzin and zimmerman 22 pouzin circulated a paper on interconnection of packet switching networks in october 1973 inwg 42 4 12 in which he introduced the term catenet for an interconnected network 4 23 zimmerman and michel elie wrote a proposed standard host host protocol for heterogenous computer networks transport protocol in december 1973 inwg 43 12 pouzin updated his paper with a proposal for interconnecting packet switching networks in march 1974 inwg 60 12 published two months later in may 24 zimmerman and elie circulated a standard host host protocol for heterogeneous computer networks in april 1974 inwg 61 12 pouzin published an integrated approach to network protocols in may 1975 25 kahn and cerf published a significantly updated and refined version of their proposal in may 1974 a protocol for packet network intercommunication 4 a later version of the paper acknowledged several people including members of inwg and attendees at the june 1973 meeting 26 it was updated in inwg 72 rfc 675 in december 1974 by cerf yogen dalal and carl sunshine which introduced the term internet as a shorthand for internetwork 27 the internet architecture as seen by the inwg 28 two competing proposals had evolved 29 the early transmission control program tcp originally proposed by kahn and cerf and the cyclades transport station ts protocol proposed by pouzin zimmermann and elie there were two sticking points whether there should be fragmentation of datagrams as in tcp or standard sized datagrams as in ts and whether the data flow was an undifferentiated stream or maintained the integrity of the units sent these were not major differences after hot debate mckenzie proposed a synthesis in december 1974 internetwork host to host protocol inwg 74 which he refined the following year with cerf scantlebury and zimmerman inwg 96 4 20 28 30 after reaching agreement with the wider group nb 4 a proposal for an international end to end protocol was published by cerf mckenzie scantlebury and zimmermann in 1976 31 32 33 it was presented to the ccitt and iso by derek barber who became inwg chair earlier that year 4 although the protocol was adopted by networks in europe 34 it was not adopted by the ccitt iso nor the arpanet 4 the ccitt went on to adopt the x 25 standard in 1976 based on virtual circuits arpa funded testing of tcp in 1975 at stanford bbn and university college london 35 with funding from arpa another group published the internet experiment notes from 1977 to 1982 this group developed tcp ip the internet protocol as connectionless layer on top of the transmission control protocol as a reliable connection oriented service which reflects concepts in pouzin s cyclades project 36 email edit ray tomlinson proposed a network mail protocol in inwg protocol note 2 a separate series of inwg notes in september 1974 4 derek barber proposed a network mail protocol and implemented it on the european informatics network which he reported in inwg 192 in february 1979 37 his work was referenced by jon postel in his first paper on internet email published in the internet experiment note series 38 later edit alex mckenzie served as chair from 1979 1982 4 11 a new international effort beginning in 1978 led to the osi model in 1984 of which many members of the inwg became advocates 5 39 during the protocol wars of the late 1980s and early 1990s engineers organizations and nations became polarized over the issue of which standard the osi model or the internet protocol suite would result in the best and most robust computer networks arpa partnerships with the telecommunication and computer industry in the 1980s led to private sector adoption of the internet protocol suite as a communication protocol 5 40 41 mckenzie became the secretary in 1983 and carl sunshine who had worked with vint cerf and yogen dalal at stanford on the first tcp specification became the inwg chair until 1987 when harry rudin at the ibm zurich research laboratory took over 4 42 the inwg continued to work on protocol design and formal specification until the 1990s when it disbanded as the internet grew rapidly 4 nonetheless issues with the internet protocol suite remain and alternatives have been proposed building on inwg ideas such as recursive internetwork architecture 28 legacy edit the work of inwg was significant in the creation of routers the transmission control program and email which all ultimately became pivotal in the working of the internet 14 43 the international network working group was created to draw a larger cohort of people into this whole question of how to design and build packet switch networks that eventually led to the design of the internet vint cerf 2020 44 members edit the group had about 100 members the initial two sub groups consisted of the following 4 9 13 16 derek barber npl uk b barker bbn us vint cerf stanford university us william clipsham bell northern research canada donald davies npl uk rémi després ptt france v detwiler ubc canada frank heart bbn us alex mckenzie bbn us louis pouzin iria france o riml bell northern research canada kjell samuelson stockholm university sweden keith sandum post office uk brian sexton npl uk p shanks post office uk c d shepard dept of communications canada jeremy tucker logica uk barry wessler arpa us see also edit coloured book protocols history of email history of the internet list of internet pioneers protocol wars public data network notes edit crocker recalls he allocated cerf 50k funding for the role although kahn does not recall this more specifically mckenzie represented bbn and cerf represented stanford university remi despres who represented the french rcp was also a member the group did not include bob kahn references edit pelkey james 8 3 cyclades network and louis pouzin 1971 1972 entrepreneurial capitalism and innovation a history of computer communications 1968 1988 hafner lyon 1999 p 222 internet founders say flexible framework was key to explosive growth princeton university retrieved 2020 02 07 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 mckenzie alexander 2011 inwg and the conception of the internet an eyewitness account ieee annals of the history of computing 33 1 66 71 doi 10 1109 mahc 2011 9 issn 1934 1547 s2cid 206443072 1 2 3 andrew l russell 30 july 2013 osi the internet that wasn t ieee spectrum vol 50 no 8 1 2 abbate janet 2000 inventing the internet mit press pp 123 4 isbn 978 0 262 51115 5 the computer history museum sri international and bbn celebrate the 40th anniversary of first arpanet transmission precursor to today s internet sri international 27 october 2009 archived from the original on march 29 2019 retrieved 25 september 2017 but the arpanet itself had now become an island with no links to the other networks that had sprung up by the early 1970s researchers in france the uk and the u s began developing ways of connecting networks to each other a process known as internetworking the hidden prehistory of european research networking trafford publishing isbn 978 1 4669 3935 6 1 2 davies donald watts 1979 computer networks and their protocols internet archive chichester eng new york wiley p 466 isbn 9780471997504 vinton cerf how the internet came to be www netvalley com retrieved 2021 12 22 1 2 collection alex mckenzie collection of computer networking development records university of minnesota archival collections guides archives lib umn edu retrieved 2023 01 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 general notes index 1 77 98 111 116 125 citing note number author and title inwg protocol notes index 1 10 28 38 citing note number author title and date umedia lib umn edu retrieved 2024 05 29 1 2 davies shanks heart barker despres detwiler and riml october 1972 report of subgroup 1 on communication system inwg note no 1 1 2 edmondson yurkanan chris 2007 sigcomm s archaeological journey into networking s past communications of the acm 50 5 63 68 doi 10 1145 1230819 1230840 issn 0001 0782 inwg 1 report of subgroup 1 on communication system requirements by davies shanks heart barker despres detwiler and riml they wrote it was agreed that interworkingbetween packet switching networks should not add complications to the hosts considering that networks will probably be different and thus gatewaysbetween networks will be required these gateways should be as uncomplicated as possible whilst allowing as much freedom as possible for the design of individual networks inwg 1 clarified that gateways and simplicity were accepted concepts when inwg was formed bennett richard september 2009 designed for change end to end arguments internet innovation and the net neutrality debate pdf information technology and innovation foundation pp 7 11 retrieved 11 september 2017 1 2 wessler cerf samuelson barber shephard pouzin sexton clipsham sandum mckenzie tucker october 1972 report of subgroup 2 on host host protocol requirements inwg note no 2 1 2 taylor bob october 11 2008 oral history of robert bob w taylor pdf computer history museum archive chm reference number x5059 2009 27 8 isaacson walter 2014 the innovators how a group of hackers geniuses and geeks created the digital revolution internet archive new york simon schuster isbn 978 1 4767 0869 0 smithsonian oral and video histories vinton cerf national museum of american history smithsonian institution 24 april 1990 retrieved 23 september 2019 roger scantlebury was one of the major players and donald davies who ran at least he was superintendent of the information systems division or something like that i absolutely had a lot of interaction with npl at the time they in fact came to the iccc 72 and they had been coming to previous meetings of what is now called datacomm its first incarnation was a long title having to do with the analysis and optimization of computer communication networks or something like that this started in late 1969 i think was when the first meeting happened in pine hill georgia i didn t go to that one but i went to the next one that was at stanford i think that s where i met scantlebury i believe for the first time then i had a lot more interaction with him i would come to the uk fairly regularly partly for ifip or inwg reasons 1 2 russell andrew l schafer valérie 2014 in the shadow of arpanet and internet louis pouzin and the cyclades network in the 1970s technology and culture 55 4 893 ...