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Text of the page (random words):
vigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 inn stems 2 linguistics toggle linguistics subsection 2 1 stems and roots 2 2 translingual communication 2 3 spelling regularization 3 names for radicals and groups salts esters and so on 4 comparison of naming standards 5 school of inn 6 see also 7 references 8 further reading 9 external links toggle the table of contents international nonproprietary name 34 languages العربية azərbaycanca বাংলা bosanski català čeština deutsch español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 latina latviešu മലയാളം nederlands norsk bokmål polski português русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenščina српски srpski svenska ไทย українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from international nonproprietary name official generic name for a pharmaceutical drug or active ingredient an international nonproprietary name inn is an official generic and nonproprietary name given to a pharmaceutical substance or an active ingredient 1 encompassing compounds peptides and low molecular weight proteins e g insulin hormones cytokines as well as complex biological products such as those used for gene therapy 2 inns are intended to make communication more precise by providing a unique standard name for each active ingredient to avoid prescribing errors 3 the inn system was initiated by the world health organization who in 1953 4 having unambiguous standard names for each pharmaceutical substance standardization of drug nomenclature is important because a drug may be sold under many different brand names or a branded medication may contain more than one drug for example the branded medications celexa celapram and citrol all contain the same active ingredient whose inn is citalopram the antibacterial medication known as co trimoxazole as well as those under the brand names bactrim and septran all contain two active ingredients easily recognisable by their inn trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole the who publishes inns in english latin french russian spanish arabic and chinese and a drug s inns are often cognate across most or all of the languages with minor spelling or pronunciation differences for example paracetamol en paracetamolum la paracétamol fr and парацетамол ru an established inn is known as a recommended inn rinn while a name that is still being considered is called a proposed inn pinn 4 national nonproprietary names such as british approved names ban dénominations communes françaises dcf japanese adopted names jan and united states adopted names usan are nowadays with rare exceptions identical to the inn 3 mandate the world health organization has a constitutional mandate to develop establish and promote international standards with respect to biological pharmaceutical and similar products the world health organization collaborates closely with inn experts and national nomenclature committees to select a single name of worldwide acceptability for each active substance that is to be marketed as a pharmaceutical to avoid confusion which could jeopardize the safety of patients trade marks should neither be derived from inns nor contain common stems used in inns who 3 inn stems edit each drug s inn is unique but may contain a stem that is shared with other drugs of the same class in this context a stem is a syllable or syllables created to evoke in the name the pharmacological mechanism of action or the chemical structure of the substance stems are mostly placed word finally suffixes but in some cases word initial stems prefixes are used for example the beta blocker drugs propranolol and atenolol share the stem olol as a suffix and the benzodiazepine drugs lorazepam and diazepam share the stem azepam also a suffix the list of stems in use are collected in a publication informally known as the stem book 5 some examples of stems are anib for angiogenesis inhibitors e g pazopanib anserin for serotonin receptor antagonists especially 5 ht 2 antagonists e g ritanserin and mianserin arit for antiarthritic agents e g lobenzarit ase for enzymes e g alteplase azepam or azolam for benzodiazepines e g diazepam and alprazolam caine for local anaesthetics e g procaine cef for cephalosporins e g cefalexin coxib for cox 2 inhibitors a type of anti inflammatory drugs e g celecoxib grel or grel for platelet aggregation inhibitors e g anagrelide cangrelor clopidogrel mab for monoclonal antibodies e g infliximab see nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies meran for messenger rna products e g tozinameran and elasomeran nab or nab for cannabinoid receptor agonists e g cannabidiol dronabinol nabilone olol for beta blockers e g atenolol pril for angiotensin converting enzyme ace inhibitors e g captopril sartan for angiotensin ii receptor antagonists e g losartan tinib for tyrosine kinase inhibitors e g imatinib vastatin for hmg coa reductase inhibitors a group of cholesterol lowering agents e g atorvastatin and simvastatin vir for antivirals e g remdesivir and ritonavir navir for antiretroviral protease inhibitors e g darunavir ciclovir for bicyclic heterocycle antivirals e g aciclovir and famciclovir linguistics edit stems and roots edit the term stem is not used consistently in linguistics it has been defined as a form to which affixes of any type can be attached 6 under a different and apparently more common view this is the definition of a root 7 while a stem consists of the root plus optional derivational affixes meaning that it is the part of a word to which inflectional affixes are added 8 inn stems employ the first definition while under the more common alternative they would be described as roots translingual communication edit pharmacology and pharmacotherapy like health care generally are universally relevant around the world making translingual communication about them an important goal an interlingual perspective is thus useful in drug nomenclature the who issues inns in english latin french russian spanish arabic and chinese a drug s inns are often cognates across most or all of the languages but they also allow small inflectional diacritic and transliterational differences that are usually transparent and trivial for nonspeakers as is true of most international scientific vocabulary for example although ibuprofenum la has an inflectional difference from ibuprofen en and although ibuprofène fr has a diacritic difference the differences are trivial users can easily recognize the same word although ибупрофе́н ru and ibuprofen en have a transliteration difference they sound similar and for russian speakers who can recognize latin script or english speakers who can recognize cyrillic script they look similar users can recognize the same word thus inns make medicines bought anywhere in the world as easily identifiable as possible to people who do not speak that language notably the same word principle allows health professionals and patients who do not speak the same language to communicate to some degree and to avoid potentially life threatening confusions from drug interactions spelling regularization edit to facilitate the translation and pronunciation of inn f should be used instead of ph t instead of th e instead of ae or oe and i instead of y the use of the letters h and k should be avoided 9 thus a predictable spelling system approximating phonemic orthography is used as follows ae or oe is replaced by e e g estradiol vs oestradiol ph is replaced by f e g amfetamine vs amphetamine th is replaced by t e g levmetamfetamine vs levo methamphetamine y is replaced by i e g aciclovir vs acyclovir h and k are avoided where possible names for radicals and groups salts esters and so on edit many drugs are supplied as salts with a cation and an anion the way the inn system handles these is explained by the who at its guidance on inn webpage 1 for example amfetamine and oxacillin are inns whereas various salts of these compounds e g amfetamine sulfate and oxacillin sodium are modified inns innm 1 10 comparison of naming standards edit several countries had created their own nonproprietary naming system before the inn was created and in many cases the names created under the old systems continue to be used in those countries as one example in english the inn name for a common painkiller is paracetamol the table below gives the alternative names for this in different systems international nonproprietary name inn paracetamol en paracetamolum la paracétamol fr paracetamol es парацетамол ru باراسيتامول ar 对乙酰氨基酚 zh australian approved name aan paracetamol 11 british approved name ban paracetamol 12 chinese approved drug name cadn 对乙酰氨基酚 zh united states adopted name usan united states pharmacopeia usp acetaminophen 12 japanese accepted name jan japanese pharmacopoeia jp アセトアミノフェン jp acetaminophen en other generic names n acetyl p aminophenol apap p acetamidophenol acetamol etc proprietary names tylenol panadol panodil panamax perdolan calpol doliprane tachipirina ben u ron atasol adol pamol gelocatil etc iupac name n 4 hydroxy phenyl acetamide atc code n02be01 other naming systems not listed above include france s dénomination commune française dcf and italy s denominazione comune italiana dcit 13 school of inn edit the school of inn is a who international nonproprietary name programme initiative launched in 2019 14 which aims to provide information to pharmacy medical and health students as well as health professionals and other stakeholders on how an inn is designed and constructed 15 users can take self administered courses using its free online learning platform see also edit generic drug references edit 1 2 3 world health organization guidance on inn archived from the original on august 9 2014 retrieved october 5 2020 loizides ursula dominici massimo manderson tony rizzi menico robertson james s de sousa guimarães koch sofia timón marcos balocco raffaella 2021 the harmonization of world health organization international nonproprietary names definitions for cell and cell based gene therapy substances when a name is not enough cytotherapy 23 5 357 366 doi 10 1016 j jcyt 2021 02 114 pmc 8111414 pmid 33820700 1 2 3 international nonproprietary names world health organization archived from the original on 25 october 2013 retrieved 21 march 2014 1 2 serafini m cargnin s massarotti a tron gc pirali t genazzani aa april 2021 what s in a name drug nomenclature and medicinal chemistry trends using inn publications journal of medicinal chemistry 64 8 4410 4429 doi 10 1021 acs jmedchem 1c00181 pmc 8154580 pmid 33847110 the use of stems in the selection of international nonproprietary names inn for pharmaceutical substances pdf world health organization 2024 retrieved 27 october 2024 sampson g postal pm 2005 the language instinct debate continuum international publishing group p 124 isbn 978 0 8264 7385 1 retrieved 2009 07 21 loos ee anderson s day jr dh jordan pc wingate jd what is a root glossary of linguistic terms sil international retrieved 2010 11 28 loos ee anderson s day jr dh jordan pc wingate jd what is a stem glossary of linguistic terms sil international retrieved 2010 11 28 general principles for guidance in devising international nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances pdf world health organization united nations retrieved 14 february 2014 guidelines on the use of international nonproprietary names inns for pharmaceutical substances world health organization 1997 archived from the original on 8 november 2011 retrieved 1 december 2014 in principle inns are selected only for the active part of the molecule which is usually the base acid or alcohol in some cases the active molecules need to be expanded for various reasons such as formulation purposes bioavailability or absorption rate in 1975 the experts designated for the selection of inn decided to adopt a new policy for naming such molecules in future names for different salts or esters of the same active substance should differ only with regard to the inactive moiety of the molecule the latter are called modified inns innms section 1 chemical substances tga approved terminology for medicines pdf therapeutic goods administration department of health and ageing australian government july 1999 p 97 archived from the original pdf on 11 february 2014 1 2 macintyre p rowbotham d walker s 26 september 2008 clinical pain management second edition acute pain crc press p 85 isbn 978 0 340 94009 9 archived from the original on 17 august 2016 schweizerischer apotheker verein 2004 index nominum international drug directory medpharm scientific publishers p 116 isbn 978 3 88763 101 7 retrieved 13 november 2024 new who school of inn www who int retrieved 2024 10 27 mignot g 2019 the school of international nonproprietary names who drug information 33 1 2 5 further reading edit international nonproprietary names inn for pharmaceutical substances cd rom lists 1 113 of proposed inn and lists 1 74 of recommended inn cumulative list no 16 world health organization 2016 isbn 9789240560369 external links edit lists of recommended and proposed inns essential medicines and health products world health organization international nonproprietary names world health organization retrieved 2012 04 02 pharmastemfinder biopharmanalyses retrieved 2015 04 19 school of inn list of rinns and pinns retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title international_nonproprietary_name oldid 1377302701 categories pharmacology names 1953 establishments world health organization pharmacological classification systems hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing latin language text articles containing french language text articles containing russian language text this page was last edited on 28 september 2026 at 20 09 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search 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