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ced the required bandwidth of a digital television signal from around 200 mbit s down to about 2 mbit s the combination of dct and adsl technologies made it possible to practically implement vod services at around 2 mbit s bandwidth in the 1990s 10 the term iptv first appeared in 1995 with the founding of precept software by judith estrin and bill carrico precept developed an internet video product named ip tv ip tv was an mbone compatible windows and unix based application that transmitted single and multi source audio and video traffic ranging from low to dvd quality using both unicast and ip multicast real time transport protocol rtp and real time control protocol rtcp the software was written primarily by steve casner karl auerbach and cha chee kuan precept was acquired by cisco systems in 1998 13 cisco retains the ip tv trademark telecommunications company us west later qwest launched an iptv service called telechoice in phoenix arizona in 1998 using vdsl technology becoming the first company in the united states to provide digital television over telephone lines 14 15 the service was shut down in 2008 16 internet radio company audionet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from wfaa tv in january 1998 and kctu lp on 10 january 1998 17 kingston communications a regional telecommunications operator in the uk launched kingston interactive television kit an iptv over digital subscriber line dsl service in september 1999 the operator added additional vod service in october 2001 with yes tv a vod content provider kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce iptv and ip vod over adsl as a commercial service the service became the reference for various changes to uk government regulations and policy on iptv in 2006 the kit service was discontinued subscribers having declined from a peak of 10 000 to 4 000 18 19 in 1999 nbtel now known as bell aliant was the first to commercially deploy internet protocol television over dsl in canada 20 using the alcatel 7350 dslam and middleware created by imagic tv owned by nbtel s parent company bruncor 21 the service was marketed under the brand vibevision in new brunswick and later expanded into nova scotia in early 2000 22 after the formation of aliant imagic tv was later sold to alcatel 23 in 2005 bredbandsbolaget launched its iptv service as the first service provider in sweden 24 in 2010 centurylink after acquiring embarq 2009 and qwest 2010 entered five u s markets with an iptv service called prism 25 later in 2010 bell canada a major division of bce announced it would begin offering residential and business commercial customers in montreal quebec and toronto ontario iptv over a number of different modalities including fibre to the home fibre to the node and dsl 26 architecture a simplified network diagram for iptv elements an iptv head end is a place where live tv channels and av sources are encoded encrypted and delivered as ip multicast streams meanwhile a video on demand vod platform stores on demand video assets and serves them as ip unicast streams when a user requests them sometimes the vod platform is located within the iptv head end an interactive portal allows users to navigate within the different iptv services such as the vod catalogue a delivery network is a packet switched network that carries ip packets including unicast and multicast streams endpoints refer to user equipment that can request decode and deliver iptv streams for display to the user this can include computers mobile devices and set top boxes at a residential iptv user s home the home tv gateway is the piece of equipment that terminates the access link from the delivery network lastly the user set top box is the piece of endpoint equipment that decodes and decrypts tv and vod streams for display on the tv screen architecture of a video server network depending on the network architecture of the service provider there are two main types of video server architecture that can be considered for iptv deployment centralised and distributed the centralised architecture model is a relatively simple and easy to manage solution because all media content is stored in centralised servers it does not require a comprehensive content distribution system centralised architecture is generally good for a network that provides relatively small vod service deployment has adequate core and edge bandwidth or has an efficient content delivery network cdn a distributed architecture has bandwidth usage advantages and inherent system management features that are essential for managing a larger server network distributed architecture requires intelligent and sophisticated content distribution technologies to augment effective delivery of multimedia content over the service provider s network 27 residential iptv home networks in many cases the residential gateway that provides connectivity with the internet access network is not located close to the iptv set top box this scenario becomes very common as service providers start to offer service packages with multiple set top boxes per subscriber networking technologies that take advantage of existing home wiring such as power lines phone lines or coaxial cables or of wireless hardware have become common solutions for this problem although fragmentation in the wired home networking market has limited somewhat the growth in this market 28 29 in december 2008 itu t adopted recommendation g hn also known as g 9960 which is a next generation home networking standard that specifies a common phy mac that can operate over any home wiring power lines phone lines or coaxial cables 30 groups such as the multimedia over coax alliance homeplug powerline alliance home phoneline networking alliance and quasar alliance plastic optical fibre 31 each advocate their own technologies ims based architecture there is a growing standardisation effort on the use of the 3gpp ip multimedia subsystem ims as an architecture for supporting iptv services in telecommunications carrier networks both itu t and etsi are working on so called ims based iptv standards see e g etsi ts 182 027 32 carriers will be able to offer both voice and iptv services over the same core infrastructure and the implementation of services combining conventional tv services with telephony features e g caller id on the tv screen will become straightforward 33 protocols iptv supports both live tv as well as stored video on demand playback requires a device connected to either a fixed or wireless ip network in the form of a standalone personal computer smartphone touch screen tablet game console connected tv or set top box content is compressed by video and audio codecs and then encapsulated in mpeg transport stream or real time transport protocol or other packets ip multicasting allows for live data to be sent to multiple receivers using a single multicast group address this section needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information december 2020 in standards based iptv systems the primary underlying protocols used are service provider based streaming igmp for subscribing to a live multicast stream tv channel and for changing from one live multicast stream to another tv channel change ip multicast operates within lans including vlans and across wans also citation needed ip multicast is usually routed in the network core by protocol independent multicast pim setting up correct distribution of multicast streams tv channels from their source all the way to the customers who wants to view them duplicating received packets as needed on demand content uses a negotiated unicast connection real time transport protocol rtp over user datagram protocol udp or the lower overhead h 222 transport stream over transmission control protocol tcp are generally the preferred methods of encapsulation via satellite although iptv and conventional satellite tv distribution have been seen as complementary technologies they are likely to be increasingly used together in hybrid iptv networks iptv is largely neutral to the transmission medium and ip traffic is already routinely carried by satellite for internet backbone trunking and corporate vsat networks 34 the copper twisted pair cabling that forms the last mile of the telephone and broadband network in many countries is not able to provide a sizeable proportion of the population with an iptv service that matches even existing terrestrial or satellite digital tv distribution for a competitive multi channel tv service a connection speed of 20 mbit s is likely to be required but unavailable to most potential customers 35 the increasing popularity of high definition television increases connection speed requirements or limits iptv service quality and connection eligibility even further however satellites are capable of delivering in excess of 100 gbit s via multi spot beam technologies making satellite a clear emerging technology for implementing iptv networks satellite distribution can be included in an iptv network architecture in several ways the simplest to implement is an iptv direct to home dth architecture in which hybrid dvb broadband set top boxes in subscriber homes integrate satellite and ip reception to give additional bandwidth with return channel capabilities in such a system many live tv channels may be multicast via satellite and supplemented with stored video on demand transmission via the broadband connection arqiva s satellite media solutions division suggests iptv works best in a hybrid format for example you would use broadband to receive some content and satellite to receive other such as live channels 36 hybrid iptv this section s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information july 2011 hybrid iptv refers to the combination of traditional broadcast tv services and video delivered over either managed ip networks or the public internet it is an increasing trend in both the consumer and pay tv markets 37 38 39 the growth of hybrid iptv is driven by two major factors since the emergence of online video aggregation sites like youtube and vimeo in the mid 2000s traditional pay tv operators have come under increasing pressure to provide their subscribers with a means of viewing internet based video on their televisions at the same time specialist ip based operators have looked for ways to offer analogue and digital terrestrial services to their operations without adding either additional cost or complexity to their transmission operations bandwidth is a valuable asset for operators so many have looked for alternative ways to deliver these new services without investing in additional network infrastructures a hybrid set top allows content from a range of sources including terrestrial broadcast satellite and cable to be brought together with video delivered over the internet via an ethernet connection on the device this enables television viewers to access a greater variety of content on their tv sets without the need for a separate box for each service hybrid iptv set top boxes may also enable users to access a range of advanced interactive services such as vod catch up tv as well as internet applications including video telephony surveillance gaming shopping e government accessed via a television set from a pay tv operator s perspective a hybrid iptv set top box gives them greater long term flexibility to deploy new services and applications as and when consumers require most often without the need to upgrade equipment or for a technician to visit and reconfigure or swap out the device this reduces the cost of launching new services increases speed to market and limits disruption for consumers 40 the hybrid broadcast broadband tv hbbtv consortium of industry companies the establishment of an open european standard for hybrid set top boxes for the reception of broadcast and broadband digital tv and multimedia applications with a single user interface 41 these trends led to the development of hybrid broadcast broadband tv set top boxes that included both a broadcast tuner and an internet connection usually via an ethernet port the first commercially available hybrid iptv set top box was developed by advanced digital broadcast a developer of digital television hardware and software in 2005 the platform was developed for spanish pay tv operator telefonica 42 and used as part of its movistar tv service launched to subscribers at the end of 2005 an alternative approach is the iptv version of the headend in the sky cable tv solution here multiple tv channels are distributed via satellite to the isp or iptv provider s point of presence pop for ip encapsulated distribution to individual subscribers as required by each subscriber this can provide a huge selection of channels to subscribers without overburdening the incoming internet to the pop and enables an iptv service to be offered to small or remote operators outside the reach of terrestrial high speed wan connection an example is a network combining fibre and satellite distribution via an ses new skies satellite of 95 channels to latin america and the caribbean operated by iptv americas 43 needs update advantages the internet protocol based platform offers significant advantages including the ability to integrate television with other ip based services like high speed internet access and voip a switched ip network also allows for the delivery of significantly more content and functionality in a typical tv or satellite network using broadcast video technology all the content constantly flows downstream to each customer and the customer switches the content at the set top box the customer can select from as many choices as the telecomms cable or satellite company can stuff into the pipe flowing into the home a switched ip network works differently content remains in the network and only the content the customer selects is sent to the customer s home that frees up bandwidth and the customer s choice is less restricted by the size of the pipe into the home interactivity an ip based platform also allows significant opportunities to make the tv viewing experience more interactive and personalised the provider may for example include an interactive programme guide that allows viewers to search for content by title or actor s name or a picture in picture functionality that allows them to channel surf without leaving the programme they re watching viewers may be able to look up a player s stats while watching a sports game or control the camera angle they also may be able to access photos or music from their pc on their television use a wireless phone to schedule a recording of their favourite show or even adjust parental controls so their child can watch a documentary for a school report while they re away from home a feedback channel from the viewer to...