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elationship 1 3 family relationships 1 3 1 parent child 1 3 2 siblings 1 4 professional 1 5 other 2 stages toggle stages subsection 2 1 ways that interpersonal relationships begin 2 2 terminating a relationship 3 pathological relationships toggle pathological relationships subsection 3 1 abusive 3 2 codependent 3 3 narcissistic 4 importance toggle importance subsection 4 1 need to belong 4 2 social exchange 4 3 relational self 5 power and dominance 6 relationship quality 7 relationship satisfaction toggle relationship satisfaction subsection 7 1 theories and empirical research 7 1 1 confucianism 7 1 2 minding relationships 8 in popular culture toggle in popular culture subsection 8 1 popular perceptions 8 2 social media 9 see also 10 references 11 further reading 12 external links toggle the table of contents interpersonal relationship 55 languages العربية asturianu azərbaycanca bikol central български বাংলা català čeština чӑвашла dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español euskara فارسی 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redirects here for the journal see human relations for the theory see human relations movement this article may require cleanup to meet wikipedia s quality standards the specific problem is the article should be more coherent and its content should be checked for relevance and quality please help improve this article if you can june 2025 learn how and when to remove this message relationships outline types genetic or adoptive kinship family stepfamily parent father mother son daughter grandparent sibling brother sister cousin aunt uncle niece and nephew by marriage spouse husband wife open marriage polygamy polyandry polygyny group marriage mixed orientation partner s significant other boyfriend girlfriend cohabitation long distance online same sex queerplatonic intimate and sexual casual committed monogamy non monogamy mutual monogamy polyamory polyfidelity affair cicisbeo concubinage courtesan mistress activities bonding courtship dating engagement bachelor s day mating meet market romance singles event wedding endings breakup ghosting legal marital separation annulment divorce widowhood emotions and feelings affinity attachment intimacy jealousy love friend zone passionate and companionate platonic romance romantic friendship unconditional passion sexuality non romantic friendship alliance cross sex female male practices bride price dower dowry service homogamy hypergamy infidelity sexual activity transgression repression abuse child dating domestic elderly narcissistic parent controlling behavior stalking v t e part of a series on love red heart icon types of love affection being in love bonding broken heart compassionate love conjugal love courtly love courtship troubadours falling in love friendship cross sex romantic zone infatuation interpersonal relationship intimacy limerence love addiction love at first sight love triangle lovesickness obsessive love parental love passion passionate and companionate love platonic love puppy love queerplatonic relationship romance self love amour de soi amour propre unconditional love unrequited love social views anarchist free love chinese yuanfen greek words for love agape eros philia storgḗ xenia religious confucian ren indian bhakti bhakti yoga kama maitrī islamic ishq jewish chesed christian caritas love of christ love of god portuguese saudade yaghan mamihlapinatapai concepts bhakti yoga biology of romantic love interpersonal attraction love deities love of god love letter love magic valentine s day philosophy physical attractiveness theories of love color wheel theory of love reward theory of attraction triangular theory of love v t e part of a series on psychology outline history subfields basic psychology abnormal affective neuroscience affective science behavioral genetics behavioral neuroscience behaviorism cognitive cognitivism cognitive neuroscience social comparative cross cultural cultural developmental differential ecological evolutionary experimental gestalt intelligence 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disciplines organizations outline psychologists psychotherapies research methods schools of thought timeline topics psychology portal v t e in social psychology an interpersonal relation or interpersonal relationship describes a social association connection or affiliation between two or more people it overlaps significantly with the concept of social relations which are the fundamental unit of analysis within the social sciences relations vary in degrees of intimacy self disclosure duration reciprocity and power distribution the main themes or trends of the interpersonal relations are family kinship friendship love marriage business employment clubs neighborhoods ethical values support and solidarity interpersonal relations may be regulated by law custom or mutual agreement and form the basis of social groups and societies they appear when people communicate or act with each other within specific social contexts 1 and they thrive on equitable and reciprocal compromises 2 interdisciplinary analysis of relationships draws heavily upon the other social sciences including but not limited to anthropology communication cultural studies economics linguistics mathematics political science social work and sociology this scientific analysis had evolved during the 1990s and has become relationship science 3 through the research done by ellen berscheid and elaine hatfield this interdisciplinary science attempts to provide evidence based conclusions through the use of data analysis types edit friendship edit friendships are non sexual non romantic interpersonal relationships 4 social relations can be homosocial such as female bonding and male bonding or heterosocial such as cross sex friendship in some countries a reduction of friendships is observed also called friendship recession or loneliness epidemic intimate or sexual relationships edit main article intimate relationship an intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves emotional or physical closeness between people and may include sexual intimacy and feelings of romance or love 5 intimate relationships are interdependent and the members of the relationship mutually influence each other 6 the quality and nature of the relationship depends on the interactions between individuals and is derived from the unique context and history that builds between people over time 7 8 9 romantic relationships edit romantic relationships have been defined in countless ways by writers philosophers religions scientists and in the modern day relationship counselors theories of love include sternberg s triangular theory of love and biology of romantic love 10 11 12 sternberg defines love in terms of intimacy passion and commitment which he claims exist in varying levels in different romantic relationships romantic relationships can have great social and cultural variability 13 and may for example exist without any sexual intimacy between people of any gender or among a group of people as in polyamory or open relationships romance edit main article romance love while many individuals recognize the single defining quality of a romantic relationship as the presence of love it is impossible for romantic relationships to survive without the component of interpersonal communication within romantic relationships love is therefore equally difficult to define hazan and shaver 14 define love using ainsworth s attachment theory as comprising proximity emotional support self exploration and separation distress when parted from the loved one other components commonly associated with love are physical attraction similarity 15 reciprocity 11 and self disclosure 16 life stages edit early adolescent relationships are characterized by companionship reciprocity and sexual experiences as emerging adults mature they begin to develop attachment and caring qualities in their relationships including love bonding security and support for partners earlier relationships also tend to be shorter and exhibit greater involvement with social networks 17 later relationships are often marked by shrinking social networks as the couple dedicates more time to each other than to associates 18 later relationships also tend to exhibit higher levels of commitment 17 most psychologists and relationship counselors predict a decline of intimacy and passion over time replaced by a greater emphasis on companionate love differing from adolescent companionate love in the caring committed and partner focused qualities however couple studies have found no decline in intimacy nor in the importance of sex intimacy and passionate love to those in longer or later life relationships 19 older people tend to be more satisfied in their relationships but face greater barriers to entering new relationships than do younger or middle aged people 20 older women in particular face social demographic and personal barriers men aged 65 and older are nearly twice as likely as women to be married and widowers are nearly three times as likely to be dating 18 months following their partner s loss compared to widows significant other edit the term significant other gained popularity during the 1990s reflecting the growing acceptance of non heteronormative relationships it can be used to avoid making an assumption about the gender or relational status e g married cohabitating civil union of a person s intimate partner cohabiting relationships continue to rise with many partners considering cohabitation to be nearly as serious as or a substitute for marriage 20 in particular lgbtq people often face unique challenges in establishing and maintaining intimate relationships the strain of internalized discrimination socially ingrained or homophobia transphobia and other forms of discrimination against lgbtq people and social pressure of presenting themselves in line with socially acceptable gender norms can affect their health quality of life satisfaction emotions etc inside and outside their relationships 21 22 23 lgbtq youth also lack the social support and peer connections enjoyed by hetero normative young people 24 nonetheless comparative studies of homosexual and heterosexual couples have found few differences in relationship intensity quality satisfaction or commitment 25 marital relationship edit although nontraditional relationships continue to rise marriage still makes up the majority of relationships except among emerging adults 26 it is also still considered by many to occupy a place of greater importance among family and social structures family relationships edit parent child edit in ancient times parent child relationships were often marked by fear either of rebellion or abandonment resulting in the strict filial roles in for example ancient rome and china 27 28 freud conceived of the oedipal complex the supposed obsession that young boys have towards their mothers and the accompanying fear and rivalry with their fathers and the electra complex in which the young girl feels that her mother has castrated her and therefore becomes obsessed with her father freud s ideas influenced thought on parent child relationships for decades 29 another early conception of parent child relationships was that love only existed as a biological drive for survival and comfort on the child s part 30 in 1958 however harry harlow s study the hot wire mother comparing rhesus reactions to wire surrogate mothers and cloth mothers demonstrated that affection was wanted by any caregiver and not only the surrogate mothers 31 the study laid the groundwork for mary ainsworth s attachment theory showing how the infants used their cloth mothers as a secure base from which to explore 32 33 in a series of studies using the strange situation a scenario in which an infant is separated from then reunited with the parent ainsworth defined three styles of parent child relationship securely attached infants miss the parent greet them happily upon return and show normal exploration and lack of fear when the parent is present insecure avoidant infants show little distress upon separation and ignore the caregiver when they return they explore little when the parent is present infants also tend to be emotionally unavailable 34 insecure ambivalent infants are highly distressed by separation but continue to be distressed upon the parent s return these infants also explore little and display fear even when the parent is present some psychologists have suggested a fourth attachment style disorganized so called because the infants behavior appeared disorganized or disoriented 35 secure attachments are linked to better social and academic outcomes and greater moral internalization as research proposes the idea that parent child relationships play a key role in the developing morality of young children secure attachments are also linked to less delinquency for children and have been found to predict later relationship success 36 37 11 for most of the late nineteenth through the twentieth century the perception of adolescent...