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intraocular pressure wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 physiology 2 measurement 3 classification 4 influencing factors toggle influencing factors subsection 4 1 daily variation 4 2 fitness and exercise 4 3 musical instruments 4 4 drugs 5 significance 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents intraocular pressure 29 languages العربية azərbaycanca bosanski català čeština deutsch español euskara فارسی suomi français עברית hrvatski հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 മലയാളം nederlands norsk bokmål polski português русский српски srpski svenska українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia fluid pressure inside the eye a patient in front of a tonometer intraocular pressure iop is the fluid pressure inside the eye tonometry is the method eye care professionals use to determine this iop is an important aspect in the evaluation of patients at risk of glaucoma 1 most tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury mmhg physiology edit intraocular pressure is determined by the production and drainage of aqueous humour by the ciliary body and its drainage via the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral outflow the reason for this is that the vitreous humour in the posterior segment has a relatively fixed volume and thus does not affect intraocular pressure regulation citation needed an important quantitative relationship goldmann s equation is as follows 2 p o f u c p v displaystyle p_ o frac f u c p_ v where p o displaystyle p_ o is the iop in millimeters of mercury mmhg f displaystyle f the rate of aqueous humour formation in microliters per minute μl min u displaystyle u the resorption of aqueous humour through the uveoscleral route μl min c displaystyle c is the facility of outflow in microliters per minute per millimeter of mercury μl min mmhg p v displaystyle p_ v the episcleral venous pressure in millimeters of mercury mmhg the above factors are those that drive iop measurement edit diaton transpalpebral tonometer intraocular pressure is measured with a tonometer as part of a comprehensive eye examination contact lens sensors have also been used for continuous intraocular pressure monitoring 3 measured values of intraocular pressure are influenced by corneal thickness and rigidity 4 5 as a result some forms of refractive surgery such as photorefractive keratectomy can cause traditional intraocular pressure measurements to appear normal when in fact the pressure may be abnormally high a newer transpalpebral and transscleral tonometry method is not influenced by corneal biomechanics and does not need to be adjusted for corneal irregularities as measurement is done over upper eyelid and sclera 6 classification edit current consensus among ophthalmologists and optometrists defines normal intraocular pressure as that between 10 mmhg and 21 mmhg 7 8 9 10 the average value of intraocular pressure is 15 5 mmhg with fluctuations of about 2 75 mmhg 11 ocular hypertension oht is defined by intraocular pressure being higher than normal in the absence of optic nerve damage or visual field loss 12 13 ocular hypotension hypotony or ocular hypotony is typically defined as intraocular pressure equal to or less than 5 mmhg 14 15 such low intraocular pressure could indicate fluid leakage and deflation of the eyeball citation needed influencing factors edit daily variation edit intraocular pressure varies throughout the night and day the diurnal variation for normal eyes is between 3 and 6 mmhg and the variation may increase in glaucomatous eyes during the night intraocular pressure may not decrease 16 despite the slower production of aqueous humour 17 glaucoma patients 24 hour iop profiles may differ from those of healthy individuals 18 fitness and exercise edit there is some inconclusive research that indicates that exercise could possibly affect iop some positively and some negatively 19 20 12 musical instruments edit playing some musical wind instruments has been linked to increases in intraocular pressure a 2011 study focused on brass and woodwind instruments observed temporary and sometimes dramatic elevations and fluctuations in iop 21 another study found that the magnitude of increase in intraocular pressure correlates with the intraoral resistance associated with the instrument and linked intermittent elevation of intraocular pressure from playing high resistance wind instruments to incidence of visual field loss 22 the range of intraoral pressure involved in various classes of ethnic wind instruments such as native american flutes has been shown to be generally lower than western classical wind instruments 23 drugs edit intraocular pressure also varies with a number of other factors such as heart rate respiration fluid intake systemic medication and topical drugs alcohol and cannabis consumption leads to a transient decrease in intraocular pressure and caffeine may increase intraocular pressure 24 taken orally glycerol often mixed with fruit juice to reduce its sweet taste can cause a rapid temporary decrease in intraocular pressure this can be a useful initial emergency treatment of severely elevated pressure 25 the depolarising muscle relaxant succinylcholine which is used in anaesthesia transiently increases iop by around 10 mmhg for a few minutes this is significant for example if the patient requires anaesthesia for a trauma and has sustained an eye globe perforation the mechanism is not clear but it is thought to involve contraction of tonic myofibrils and transient dilation of choroidal blood vessels ketamine also increases iop 26 27 significance edit ocular hypertension is the most important risk factor for glaucoma citation needed intraocular pressure has been measured as an outcome in a systematic review comparing the effect of neuroprotective agents in slowing the progression of open angle glaucoma 28 differences in pressure between the two eyes are often clinically significant and potentially associated with certain types of glaucoma as well as iritis or retinal detachment citation needed intraocular pressure may become elevated due to anatomical problems inflammation of the eye genetic factors or as a side effect from medication intraocular pressure laws follow fundamentally from physics any kinds of intraocular surgery should be done by considering the intraocular pressure fluctuation sudden increase of intraocular pressure can lead to intraocular micro barotrauma and cause ischemic effects and mechanical stress to retinal nerve fiber layer sudden intraocular pressure drop can lead to intraocular decompression that generates micro bubbles that potentially cause multiple micro emboli and leading to hypoxia ischemia and retinal micro structure damage 29 references edit farandos nicholas m yetisen ali k monteiro michael j lowe christopher r yun seok hyun april 2015 contact lens sensors in ocular diagnostics advanced healthcare materials 4 6 792 810 doi 10 1002 adhm 201400504 pmid 25400274 s2cid 35508652 aptel f weinreb rn chiquet c mansouri k november 2016 24 h monitoring devices and nyctohemeral rhythms of intraocular pressure prog retin eye res 55 108 148 doi 10 1016 j preteyeres 2016 07 002 pmid 27477112 s2cid 24677841 baghban r talebnejad mr meshksar a heydari m khalili mr 2 november 2023 recent advancements in nanomaterial laden contact lenses for diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma review and update journal of nanobiotechnology 21 1 402 doi 10 1186 s12951 023 02166 w pmc 10621182 pmid 37919748 grieshaber mc schoetzau a zawinka c flammer j orgul s june 2007 effect of central corneal thickness on dynamic contour tonometry and goldmann applanation tonometry in primary open angle glaucoma arch ophthalmol 125 6 740 4 doi 10 1001 archopht 125 6 740 pmid 17562982 tanaka gh april 1998 corneal pachymetry a prerequisite for applanation tonometry arch ophthalmol 116 4 544 5 pmid 9565063 cacho i sanchez naves j batres l pintor j carracedo g 2015 comparison of intraocular pressure before and after laser in situ keratomileusis refractive surgery measured with perkins tonometry noncontact tonometry and transpalpebral tonometry j ophthalmol 2015 683895 doi 10 1155 2015 683895 pmc 4475733 pmid 26167293 webmd tonometry glaucoma overview archived 4 july 2008 at the wayback machine from emedicine hashemi h kashi ah fotouhi a mohammad k june 2005 distribution of intraocular pressure in healthy iranian individuals the tehran eye study br j ophthalmol 89 6 652 7 doi 10 1136 bjo 2004 058057 pmc 1772663 pmid 15923494 pooranee 9 october 2015 do you know about intra ocular pressure health education bureau information and communication technology agency sri lanka archived from the original on 22 march 2017 retrieved 4 november 2015 janunts e optical remote sensing of intraocular pressure by an implantable nanostructured array medizinische fakultät der universität des saarlandes archived from the original on 25 april 2012 1 2 vieira gm oliveira hb de andrade dt bottaro m ritch r september 2006 intraocular pressure variation during weight lifting arch ophthalmol 124 9 1251 4 doi 10 1001 archopht 124 9 1251 pmid 16966619 s2cid 32361659 ocular hypertension american optometric association accessed 2015 11 3 ocular hypotony background pathophysiology epidemiology medscape reference 5 february 2014 retrieved 4 november 2015 henderer jd budenz dl flynn hw schiffman jc feuer wj murray tg february 1999 elevated intraocular pressure and hypotony following silicone oil retinal tamponade for complex retinal detachment incidence and risk factors arch ophthalmol 117 2 189 95 doi 10 1001 archopht 117 2 189 pmid 10037563 liu jh weinreb rn may 2011 monitoring intraocular pressure for 24 h br j ophthalmol 95 5 599 600 doi 10 1136 bjo 2010 199737 pmid 21330554 s2cid 42736853 brubaker rf 1991 flow of aqueous humor in humans invest ophthalmol vis sci 32 13 3145 3166 pmid 1748546 liu jh zhang x kripke df weinreb rn april 2003 twenty four hour intraocular pressure pattern associated with early glaucomatous changes invest ophthalmol vis sci 44 4 1586 90 doi 10 1167 iovs 02 0666 issn 1552 5783 pmid 12657596 studies have also been conducted on both healthy and sedentary individuals to determine if intraocular pressure could be reduced with other types of exercise some forms of exertion have been found to result in a decrease in intraocular pressure exercises studied included walking jogging and running acute dynamic exercise reduces intraocular pressure archived 28 september 2011 at the wayback machine departments of ophthalmology physiology faculty of medicine atatürk university erzurum turkey july 1999 qureshi ia effects of mild moderate and severe exercise on intraocular pressure of sedentary subjects rawalpindi medical college rawalpindi pakistan schmidtmann g jahnke s seidel ej sickenberger w grein hj june 2011 intraocular pressure fluctuations in professional brass and woodwind musicians during common playing conditions graefes arch clin exp ophthalmol 249 6 895 901 doi 10 1007 s00417 010 1600 x hdl 10026 1 10195 pmid 21234587 s2cid 21452109 archived from the original pdf on 11 january 2022 retrieved 24 september 2019 schuman js massicotte ec connolly s hertzmark e mukherji b kunen mz january 2000 increased intraocular pressure and visual field defects in high resistance wind instrument players ophthalmology 107 1 127 33 doi 10 1016 s0161 6420 99 00015 9 pmid 10647731 clinton f goss august 2013 intraoral pressure in ethnic wind instruments pdf flutopedia arxiv 1308 5214 bibcode 2013arxiv1308 5214g retrieved 22 august 2013 intraocular pressure measure on normal eyes by pardianto g et al in mimbar ilmiah oftalmologi indonesia 2005 2 78 9 drance sm october 1964 effect of oral glycerol on intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous eyes arch ophthalmol 72 4 491 3 doi 10 1001 archopht 1964 00970020491009 pmid 14184494 brunton l chabner ba knollman b 2011 19 general anesthetics and therapeutic gases goodman gilman s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics 12th ed new york usa the mcgraw hill companies inc p 539 isbn 978 0 07 162442 8 ocular therapeutix inc ocul biotickr archived from the original on 13 september 2022 retrieved 13 september 2022 sena df lindsley k january 2017 neuroprotection for treatment of glaucoma in adults cochrane database syst rev 1 1 cd006539 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd006539 pub4 pmc 5370094 pmid 28122126 pardianto g march 2015 recent awareness and consideration of intraocular pressure fluctuation during eye surgery j cataract refract surg 41 3 695 doi 10 1016 j jcrs 2015 01 009 pmid 25804599 external links edit www allaboutvision com what to expect during a comprehensive eye exam www emedicinehealth com ocular hypertension www tonometerdiaton com transpalpebral transscleral tonometry v t e physiology of the visual system vision accommodation gaze intraocular pressure visual field color vision color blindness achromatopsia köllner s rule opponent process monochromacy dichromacy trichromacy tetrachromacy pentachromacy authority control databases international gnd national united states france bnf data japan czech republic israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title intraocular_pressure oldid 1360878608 categories ophthalmology eye vision hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from december 2025 webarchive template wayback links use dmy dates from august 2019 this page was last edited on 24 june 2026 at 05 31 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents intraocular pressure 29 languages add topic