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sive coalition forces began to use air power and artillery again for the first time since the end of the invasion by striking suspected ambush sites and mortar launching positions surveillance of major routes patrols and raids on suspected insurgents was stepped up in addition two villages including saddam s birthplace of al auja and the small town of abu hishma were surrounded by barbed wire and monitored capturing former government leaders see also supreme iraqi criminal tribunal and trial of saddam hussein saddam hussein being pulled from his hideaway in operation red dawn on 13 december 2003 in summer 2003 the multinational forces focused on capturing the remaining leaders of the former government on 22 july a us raid killed saddam s sons uday and qusay along with one of his grandsons in all over 300 top leaders of the former government were killed or captured as well as numerous lesser functionaries and military personnel saddam hussein was captured on 13 december 2003 on a farm near tikrit in operation red dawn 186 the operation was conducted by the us 4th infantry division and members of task force 121 intelligence on saddam s whereabouts came from his family members and former bodyguards 187 with the capture of saddam and a drop in the number of insurgent attacks some concluded that multinational forces were prevailing in the fight against the insurgency the provisional government began training the new iraqi security forces intended to police the country and the us promised over 20 billion in reconstruction money in the form of a credit against iraq s future oil revenues oil revenue was also used for rebuilding schools and for work on the electrical and refining infrastructure shortly after saddam s capture elements left out of the coalition provisional authority began to agitate for elections and the formation of an iraqi interim government most prominent among these was the shia cleric grand ayatollah ali al sistani the coalition provisional authority opposed allowing democratic elections at this time 188 the insurgents stepped up their activities the two most turbulent centers were the area around fallujah and the poor shia sections of cities from baghdad sadr city to basra in the south looting of artifacts from iraqi museums main article archaeological looting in iraq following the us invasion of iraq in 2003 large numbers of antiquities including the gilgamesh dream tablet were stolen both from museums such as the iraq national museum but also because of illegal excavations at archeological sites throughout the country many of them were smuggled into the united states through the united arab emirates uae and israel contrary to federal law donald rumsfeld rejected the claim that they were removed by us military personnel in the 2020s about 17 000 artifacts were returned to iraq from the us and middle eastern countries but according to an iraqi archeology professor at the university of baghdad the repatriation of these items was only a partial success the baghdad office of the united nations educational scientific and cultural organization unesco continues to search for the loot worldwide many iraqis blame the united states for the loss of so many pieces of their country s history 189 190 2004 insurgency expands areas of responsibility in iraq as at 30 april 2004 main article 2004 in iraq see also 2004 iraq spring fighting and fallujah during the iraq war the start of 2004 was marked by a relative lull in violence violence increased during the iraq spring fighting of 2004 with foreign fighters from around the middle east as well as jama at al tawhid wal jihad an al qaeda linked group led by abu musab al zarqawi helping to drive the insurgency 191 as the violence intensified in march there was a change in targeting from the coalition forces towards the new iraqi security forces as hundreds of iraqi civilians and police were killed over the next few months in a series of bombings in the bloodiest day of the war since the start hundreds of shi a were killed when five bombs exploded on march 2 during ashoura celebrations 168 the most serious fighting of the war so far began on 31 march 2004 when iraqi insurgents in fallujah ambushed a blackwater usa convoy led by four us private military contractors who were providing security for food caterers eurest support services 192 the four armed contractors scott helvenston jerko zovko wesley batalona and michael teague were killed with grenades and small arms fire their bodies were dragged from their vehicles by locals beaten burned and their mutilated corpses hung over a bridge crossing the euphrates 193 photos of the event were released to news agencies worldwide causing indignation and moral outrage in the united states and prompting an unsuccessful pacification of the city the first battle of fallujah in april 2004 followers of the shi a mullah muqtada al sadr known as the mahdi militia paraded through multiple cities in april 2004 the shi a demonstrators launched attacks on coalition targets in an attempt to seize control from iraqi security forces southern and central iraq began to erupt in urban guerrilla combat as multinational forces attempted to keep control and prepared for a counteroffensive several coalition troops died in sadr city and najaf these clashes lasted until june 2004 168 coalition provisional authority director l paul bremer signs over sovereignty to the appointed iraqi interim government 28 june 2004 in june 2004 the cpa formally transferred sovereignty to the iraqi government headed by interim prime minister ayad allawi 168 allawi opposed the hasty de baathification that would destabilize the political structure of the iraqi government 169 his secular rule of law agenda was unsuccessful as instritutionalized sectarianism developed in the escalating conflict with muqtada al sadr in najaf and sunni radicals in fallujah 194 in one of the most significant single attacks of the war 49 newly trained iraqi soldiers were executed by insurgents wearing police uniforms on 23 october 2004 analysts note this supports the view that iraqi police forces and interior ministry had been compromised by insurgents allawi blamed the attack on coalition forces 168 the offensive in fallujah resumed in november 2004 in the bloodiest battle of the war the second battle of fallujah described by the us military as the heaviest urban combat that they had been involved in since the battle of hue city in vietnam 195 during the assault us forces used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon against insurgent personnel attracting controversy the 46 day battle resulted in a victory for the coalition with 95 us soldiers killed and approximately 1 350 insurgents fallujah was totally devastated during the fighting though civilian casualties were low as they had mostly fled before the battle 196 at abu ghraib prison members of the us army and the cia physically sexually and psychologically tortured and abused prisoners in us custody the image of the hooded man symbolized the scandal another major event of that year was the revelation of widespread prisoner abuse at abu ghraib which received international media attention in april 2004 first reports of the abu ghraib prisoner abuse as well as graphic pictures showing us military personnel taunting and abusing iraqi prisoners came to public attention from a 60 minutes ii news report and a seymour m hersh article in the new yorker posted online on 30 april 197 military correspondent thomas ricks claimed that these revelations dealt a blow to the moral justifications for the occupation in the eyes of many people especially iraqis and was a turning point in the war 198 2004 also marked the beginning of military transition teams in iraq which were teams of us military advisors assigned directly to new iraqi army units 2005 elections and transitional government further information 2005 in iraq and military transition team convention center for council of representatives of iraq on 31 january iraqis elected the iraqi transitional government to draft a permanent constitution although some violence and a widespread sunni boycott marred the event most of the eligible kurd and shia populace participated on 4 february paul wolfowitz announced that 15 000 us troops whose tours of duty had been extended in order to provide election security would be pulled out of iraq by the next month 199 february to april were relatively peaceful compared to the carnage of november and january with insurgent attacks averaging 30 a day from the prior average of 70 the battle of abu ghraib on 2 april 2005 was an attack on us forces at abu ghraib prison which consisted of heavy mortar and rocket fire under which an estimated 80 120 armed insurgents attacked with grenades small arms and two vehicle borne improvised explosive devices vbied the us force s munitions ran so low that orders to fix bayonets were given in preparation for hand to hand fighting it was considered to be the largest coordinated assault on a us base since the vietnam war 200 hopes for a quick end to the insurgency and a withdrawal of us troops were dashed in may iraq s bloodiest month since the invasion suicide bombers believed to be mainly disheartened iraqi sunni arabs syrians and saudis tore through iraq their targets were often shia gatherings or civilian concentrations of shias as a result over 700 iraqi civilians died in that month as well as 79 us soldiers summer 2005 saw fighting around baghdad and at tall afar in northwestern iraq as us forces tried to seal off the syrian border this led to fighting in the autumn in the small towns of the euphrates valley between the capital and that border 201 a referendum was held on 15 october in which the new iraqi constitution was ratified an iraqi national assembly was elected in december with participation from the sunnis as well as the kurds and shia 201 insurgent attacks increased in 2005 with 34 131 recorded incidents compared to a total 26 496 for the previous year 202 2006 civil war and permanent iraqi government further information iraqi civil war 2006 2008 sectarian violence in iraq operation together forward and provincial reconstruction team us marines from 3rd battalion 3rd marines clear a house in al anbar governorate the beginning of 2006 was marked by government creation talks growing sectarian violence and continuous anti coalition attacks sectarian violence expanded to a new level of intensity following the al askari mosque bombing in the iraqi city of samarra on 22 february 2006 the explosion at the mosque one of the holiest sites in shi a islam is believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by al qaeda although no injuries occurred in the blast the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days over 100 dead bodies with bullet holes were found on 23 february and at least 165 people are thought to have been killed in the aftermath of this attack the us military calculated that the average homicide rate in baghdad tripled from 11 to 33 deaths per day in 2006 the un described the environment in iraq as a civil war like situation 203 on 12 march five united states army soldiers of the 502nd infantry regiment raped the 14 year old iraqi girl abeer qassim hamza al janabi and then murdered her her father her mother fakhriya taha muhasen and her six year old sister hadeel qassim hamza al janabi the soldiers then set fire to the girl s body to conceal evidence of the crime 204 four of the soldiers were convicted of rape and murder and the fifth was convicted of lesser crimes for their involvement in the events which became known as the mahmudiyah rape and killings 205 206 on 6 june 2006 the us successfully tracked abu musab al zarqawi the leader of al qaeda in iraq who was killed in a targeted killing while attending a meeting in an isolated safehouse approximately 8 km 5 0 mi north of baqubah having been tracked by a british uav radio contact was made between the controller and two us air force f 16 c jets which identified the house and at 14 15 gmt the lead jet dropped two 500 pound 230 kg guided bombs a laser guided gbu 12 and gps guided gbu 38 on the building where he was located six others three male and three female individuals were also reported killed among those killed were one of his wives and their child the government of iraq took office on 20 may 2006 following approval by the members of the iraqi national assembly this followed the general election in december 2005 the government succeeded the iraqi transitional government which had continued in office in a caretaker capacity until the formation of the permanent government iraq study group report and saddam s execution main articles iraq study group and execution of saddam hussein the iraq study group report was released on 6 december 2006 the iraq study group made up of people from both of the major us parties was led by co chairs james baker a former secretary of state republican and lee h hamilton a former us representative democrat it concluded that the situation in iraq is grave and deteriorating and us forces seem to be caught in a mission that has no foreseeable end the report s 79 recommendations include increasing diplomatic measures with iran and syria and intensifying efforts to train iraqi troops on 18 december a pentagon report found that insurgent attacks were averaging about 960 attacks per week the highest since the reports had begun in 2005 207 coalition forces formally transferred control of a governorate to the iraqi government military prosecutors charged eight us marines with the murders of 24 iraqi civilians in haditha in november 2005 10 of them women and children four officers were also charged with dereliction of duty in relation to the event 208 saddam hussein was hanged on 30 december 2006 after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by an iraqi court after a year long trial 209 2007 us troops surge further information 2007 in iraq iraq war troop surge of 2007 timeline of the iraq war troop surge of 2007 and strategic reset president george w bush announces the new strategy on iraq from the white house library 10 january 2007 on 10 january 2007 in a televised address to the us public bush proposed 21 500 more troops for iraq a job program for iraqis more reconstruction proposals and 1 2 billion for these programs 210 on 23 january 2007 in the 2007 state of the union address bush announced he was deploying reinforcements of more than 20 000 additional soldiers and marines to iraq on 10 february 2007 david petraeus was made commander of multi national force iraq mnf i the four star post that oversees all coalition forces in the country replacing general george casey in his new position petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in iraq and employed them in the new surge strategy outlined by the bush administration 211 212 map of the islamic state of iraq and its provinces on 7 april 2007 on 10...