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he eye 9 in germany pastor emanuel felke developed a form of homeopathy for treating specific illnesses and described new iris signs in the early 1900s however felke was subject to long and bitter litigation the felke institute in gerlingen germany was established as a leading center of iridological research and training citation needed iridology became better known in the united states in the 1950s when bernard jensen an american chiropractor began giving classes in his method this is in direct relationship with p johannes thiel eduard lahn who became an american under the name of edward lane and j haskell kritzer 11 jensen emphasized the importance of the body s exposure to toxins and the use of natural foods as detoxifiers in 1979 in collaboration with two other iridologists jensen failed to establish the basis of their practice when they examined photographs of the eyes of 143 patients in an attempt to determine which ones had kidney impairments of the patients 48 had been diagnosed with kidney disease and the rest had normal kidney function based on their analysis of the patients irises the three iridologists could not detect which patients had kidney disease and which did not 12 criticism edit scientists dismiss iridology given that published studies have indicated a lack of success for its claims no clinical study to date has demonstrated a correlation between illness in the body and coinciding observable changes in the iris in controlled experiments practitioners of iridology have performed statistically no better than chance in determining the presence of a disease or condition solely through observation of the iris 3 iridology is based on a premise that is at odds with the fact that the iris does not undergo substantial changes in an individual s life iris texture is a phenotypical feature that develops during gestation and remains unchanged after infancy there is no evidence for changes in the iris pattern other than variations in pigmentation in the first years of life and variations caused by glaucoma treatment the stability of iris structures is the foundation of the biometric technology which uses iris recognition for identification purposes 6 7 james randi has argued that despite the lack of clinical efficacy iridology remains unfalsifiable since iridologists do not provide a distinction between current physical defects and future defects thus iridiagnostic claims cannot be proven wrong 13 scientific research into iridology edit well controlled scientific evaluation of iridology has shown negative results with all rigorous double blind trials failing to find any statistical significance to its claims citation needed in 2015 the australian government s department of health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance iridology was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found 14 a german study from 1957 which took more than 4 000 iris photographs of more than 1 000 people concluded that iridology was useless as a diagnostic tool 15 in 1979 bernard jensen a leading american iridologist and two other iridology proponents failed to establish the basis of their practice when they examined photographs of the eyes of 143 patients in an attempt to determine which ones had kidney impairments of the patients 48 had been diagnosed with kidney disease and the rest had normal kidney function based on their analysis of the patients irises the three iridologists could not detect which patients had kidney disease and which did not one iridologist for example decided that 88 of the normal patients had kidney disease while another judged through his iris analysis that 74 of patients who needed artificial kidney treatment were normal 12 another study was published in the british medical journal which selected 39 patients who were due to have their gall bladder removed the following day because of suspected gallstones the study also selected a group of people who did not have diseased gallbladders to act as a control a group of five iridologists examined a series of slides of both groups irises the iridologists could not correctly identify which patients had gallbladder problems and which had healthy gallbladders for example one of the iridologists diagnosed 49 of the patients with gallstones as having them and 51 as not having them the author concluded this study showed that iridology is not a useful diagnostic aid 16 edzard ernst raised the question in 2000 3 does iridology work this search strategy resulted in 77 publications on the subject of iridology all of the uncontrolled studies and several of the unmasked experiments suggested that iridology was a valid diagnostic tool the discussion that follows refers to the 4 controlled masked evaluations of the diagnostic validity of iridology in conclusion few controlled studies with masked evaluation of diagnostic validity have been published none have found any benefit from iridology a 2005 study tested the usefulness of iridology in diagnosing common forms of cancer an experienced iridology practitioner examined the eyes of 110 total subjects of which 68 people had proven cancers of the breast ovary uterus prostate or colorectum and 42 for whom there was no medical evidence of cancer the practitioner who was unaware of their gender or medical details was asked to suggest a diagnosis for each person and their results were then compared with each subject s known medical diagnosis the study conclusion was that iridology was of no value in diagnosing the cancers investigated in this study 17 methods edit the iris is the greenish yellow area surrounding the transparent pupil showing as black the white outer area is the sclera the central transparent part of which is the cornea iridologists generally use equipment such as a flashlight and magnifying glass cameras or slit lamp microscopes to examine a patient s irises for tissue changes as well as features such as specific pigment patterns and irregular stromal architecture the markings and patterns are compared to an iris chart that correlates zones of the iris with parts of the body typical charts divide the iris into approximately 80 90 zones for example the zone corresponding to the kidney is in the lower part of the iris just before 6 o clock there are minor variations between charts associations between body parts and areas of the iris citation needed according to iridologists details in the iris reflect changes in the tissues of the corresponding body organs one prominent practitioner bernard jensen described it thus nerve fibers in the iris respond to changes in body tissues by manifesting a reflex physiology that corresponds to specific tissue changes and locations 18 this would mean that a bodily condition translates to a noticeable change in the appearance of the iris but this has been disproven through many studies 12 see section on scientific research for example acute inflammatory chronic inflammatory and catarrhal signs may indicate involvement maintenance or healing of corresponding distant tissues respectively other features that iridologists look for are contraction rings and klumpenzellen which may indicate various other health conditions as interpreted in context in canada and the united states iridology is not regulated or licensed by any governmental agency numerous organizations offer certification courses citation needed possible harms edit medical errors treatment for conditions diagnosed via this method that do not exist false positive result or a false sense of security when a serious condition is not diagnosed by this method false negative result could lead to improper or delayed treatment and even loss of life 3 see also edit moleosophy phrenology reflexology references edit cline d hofstetter hw griffin jr dictionary of visual science 4th ed butterworth heinemann boston 1997 isbn 0 7506 9895 0 page needed lindlahr henry iridiagnosis and other diagnostic methods chicago lindlahr publishing co 1919 1 2 3 4 ernst e 2000 iridology not useful and potentially harmful archives of ophthalmology 118 1 120 1 doi 10 1001 archopht 118 1 120 pmid 10636425 hockenbury don h hockenbury sandra e 2003 psychology worth publishers p 96 isbn 978 0 7167 5129 8 mehrotra h vatsa m singh r majhi b 2013 does iris change over time plos one 8 11 e78333 bibcode 2013ploso 878333m doi 10 1371 journal pone 0078333 pmc 3820685 pmid 24244305 1 2 massimo tistarelli stan z li rama chellappa eds 2009 handbook of remote biometrics for surveillance and security new york springer p 27 isbn 978 1 84882 384 6 1 2 anil jain ruud bolle sharath pankanti eds 1996 biometrics personal identification in networked society new york springer p 117 isbn 978 0 7923 8345 1 iridology fact or fiction mivision 1 june 2009 retrieved 19 october 2022 1 2 zygadlo krzysztof iridology retrieved 20 december 2014 iridology a n p a archived from the original on 20 december 2014 retrieved 20 december 2014 haskel kritzer j 1924 textbook of iridiagnosis guide in treatment 1 2 3 simon a et al 1979 an evaluation of iridology journal of the american medical association 242 13 1385 1387 doi 10 1001 jama 1979 03300130029014 pmid 480560 randi james 1995 an encyclopedia of claims frauds and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural decidedly sceptical definitions of alternative realities new york ny st martin s griffin isbn 978 0 312 15119 5 baggoley c 2015 review of the australian government rebate on natural therapies for private health insurance pdf australian government department of health archived from the original pdf on 26 june 2016 retrieved 12 december 2015 lay summary in gavura s 19 november 2015 australian review finds no benefit to 17 natural therapies science based medicine kibler max sterzing ludwig 1957 wert und unwert der irisdiagnose stuttgart germany hippocrates oclc 14682831 knipschild p 1988 looking for gall bladder disease in the patient s iris bmj 297 6663 1578 81 doi 10 1136 bmj 297 6663 1578 pmc 1835305 pmid 3147081 münstedt k et al 2005 can iridology detect susceptibility to cancer a prospective case controlled study journal of alternative and complementary medicine 11 3 515 519 doi 10 1089 acm 2005 11 515 pmid 15992238 jensen b iridology simplified 2nd ed escondido 1980 page needed external links edit the skeptics dictionary quackwatch your doctor com james randi educational foundation v t e pseudoscience list of pseudoscience topics by type alchemy aquatic ape hypothesis astrology biodynamic agriculture biological transmutation conscientiology creation science intelligent design cryptozoology dianetics auditing dowsing electronic voice phenomenon eugenics facilitated communication feng shui flat earth theory modern flat earth beliefs graphology laundry ball law of attraction levitation lysenkoism numerology orgone polygraph pseudomathematics pseudoscientific metrology rapid 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