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6 in dvinsk russian empire now daugavpils latvia to a well to do jewish family 1 after attending a religious elementary school cheder and a classical gymnasium he enrolled in the law faculty of saint petersburg imperial university in 1906 there he studied economics under mikhail tugan baranovsky and i i kaufman graduating in 1910 as a specialist in economic science and civil law 2 in 1910 he married polina petrovna 3 rubin became politically active in 1904 joining the general jewish labour bund he was arrested in 1905 but was released under an amnesty following the october manifesto 4 after graduating he was barred from an academic career and worked as a barrister in moscow focusing on labour law 5 during world war i he was active in organisations providing aid to the war effort 5 rubin did not support the october revolution of 1917 fearing it would lead to a counter revolution if defeated he remained active in the menshevik aligned wing of the bund after it split with its pro bolshevik faction in 1920 and he was elected secretary of the bund s central committee at this time he advocated for trade unions to be independent of the state describing them as organs of proletarian class spontaneity that are constructed from top to bottom on the electoral principle 4 persecution and scholarly work in prison edit rubin s leadership role in the bund led to his arrest on 20 february 1921 he was released on bail but arrested again on the night of 5 6 november 1921 his academic colleagues including the historian and rector of moscow state university mgu viacheslav volgin the commissar of education anatoly lunacharsky and his friend david riazanov the director of the newly founded marx engels institute successfully petitioned for his release on 22 november 1921 the cheka released him into the custody of the university rector 6 title page of the first edition of essays on marx s theory of value 1923 during the year and three months of freedom that followed rubin taught at mgu and the institute of red professors and prepared the first edition of his major work essays on marx s theory of value 7 in 1922 he also co edited fundamental problems of economics a collection of translated articles by prominent european marxists such as otto bauer rudolf hilferding and karl kautsky 8 he was arrested for a third time on 27 february 1923 beginning a period of imprisonment and exile that would last over three and a half years 7 he was initially sentenced to three years in the archangelsk concentration camp which given his poor health was considered a death sentence after his colleagues again interceded his sentence was commuted to exile in the crimean peninsula beginning in december 1924 9 despite the harsh conditions of his imprisonment rubin s scholarly output was prolific between 1923 and his return to moscow in late 1926 he completed approximately twenty scientific works including an expanded second edition of his essays on marx s theory of value translations of works by karl marx and adam smith and several original books and articles 10 he was so dedicated to his work that in december 1924 when his release from butyrka prison was ordered he successfully requested a postponement of several days to complete the final editing of a 450 page manuscript 11 while publishing successive editions of his essays on value he was also furtively drafting a manuscript for a companion volume essays on marx s theory of money 12 rubinshchina and the menshevik trial edit after his release from exile rubin began working at the marx engels institute in moscow under riazanov where he headed the office of political economy 13 14 in 1928 a public campaign was launched against him and his work this campaign known as the rubinshchina rubinism condemned his essays on marx s theory of value for idealism and falsification of marxism 15 the campaign was part of a broader shift in the soviet union away from the relative intellectual freedom of the new economic policy nep period towards the dogmatism of the stalinist era 16 rubin was hounded in the press in later editions of his essays he engaged with his critics such as i i dashkovsky semen shabs aleksandr kon and sergey bessonov adding an appendix titled reply to critics 17 in 1930 a brochure titled rubinshchina or marxism was published to denounce his views and he was forced to resign from the institute 3 18 on the night of 23 24 december 1930 rubin was arrested by the ogpu the secret police and implicated in the preparations for the 1931 menshevik trial a show trial organised by stalin against former mensheviks 18 after being subjected to what his sister described as endless interrogation beatings solitary confinement humiliation and torture rubin was forced to sign a false confession and implicate his friend and protector riazanov 19 at the trial in march 1931 rubin was sentenced to five years of imprisonment 20 final years and death edit in 1933 rubin s prison sentence was commuted to three years of exile in turgay and then aktobe in kazakhstan 20 he worked there as a plan economist in a local consumer co operative 20 during the great purge rubin was arrested again on 19 november 1937 and charged with forming a counter revolutionary organisation he was sentenced to death by a troika on 25 november and executed two days later on 27 november 1937 4 a list of manuscripts seized at the time of his arrest included a 380 page work on johann karl rodbertus a 429 page work on the anglo american school of economics and eight notebooks on the theory of economic crises these works were most likely destroyed 5 rubin was unconditionally rehabilitated by the soviet government in 1989 91 20 economic thought edit isaak rubin s scholarship was dedicated to the argument that historically formed social relations between people are the proper subject matter of political economy 21 his work was a dialectical reading of marx s economic works emphasising their philosophical foundations in the system of georg wilhelm friedrich hegel 22 following vladimir lenin s insight that marx s capital could not be understood without having mastered hegel s science of logic rubin traced the dialectical development of economic categories from the cell of the commodity to the complex forms of capitalist society 23 theory of value and fetishism edit diagram illustrating marx s theory of value rubin s most significant contribution was his work on marx s theory of value particularly his elaboration of commodity fetishism and the value form theory he argued that many misinterpretations of marx stemmed from a failure to grasp the theory s methodological foundations for rubin the dual character of labour as both concrete useful labour and abstract labour was marx s central theoretical discovery 24 this duality he argued reflects the fundamental contradiction of a commodity producing economy a society of formally independent private producers who are materially interdependent through the social division of labour 25 in such a society the social relations between producers are not consciously organised but are established spontaneously through the exchange of the products of their labour the labour of individuals which is private and concrete can only become social labour when its product is equated with all other products on the market this process of equation which takes the form of value requires that the specific concrete qualities of labour are abstracted from leaving only abstract human labour 26 value is thus not a natural property of a thing but a social form that the product of labour acquires in a commodity economy 27 the production relations between people become reified appearing as properties of things this reification of the relations of production is the essence of commodity fetishism 28 in his analysis rubin viewed value from three aspects as the magnitude of value a regulator of the quantitative distribution of social labour the form of value an expression of social production relations and the substance of value an expression of abstract labour 29 this interpretation distinguished rubin s work from both his classical and neoclassical contemporaries against the austrian school he argued that their focus on subjective utility ignored the social forms that made exchange possible 21 against the followers of david ricardo he argued that while they correctly identified labour as the content or substance of value they failed to analyse the specific social form of value that was unique to capitalism by elaborating on this social form rubin concluded marx was not merely a follower of ricardo but the originator of an entirely new economic theory 30 production and consumption edit rubin also defended marx against the common criticism that he ignored the role of consumption and use value in his economic theory rubin attributed this critique to the marginalist preoccupation with individual subjective judgments of utility 31 he argued that for marx consumption is a moment in the overall process of social reproduction and human needs are not a static natural given but are themselves a product of history developing in tandem with the means of production 31 in a commodity producing society production is separated from consumption and the direct goal of production becomes exchange value rather than use value 31 this process reaches its peak in capitalism where the primacy of exchange value over use value becomes all the more evident while use value is a necessary precondition for any commodity it does not determine its value instead rubin argued use value is taken into account by marx s theory only insofar as it is necessary to understand the determinations of economic form such as the distinction between constant and variable capital or the material requirements of social reproduction as a whole 32 legacy edit rubin s work was highly regarded in the west after his essays on marx s theory of value was first translated into english in 1972 but it remained suppressed in the soviet union until the late 1980s 1 the first english translation was based on the third 1928 edition of the essays and played an important role in the rediscovery of rubin s work 12 the editors of responses to marx s capital richard b day and daniel f gaido describe rubin as a remarkable marxist scholar whose essay on the dialectical development of categories was a theoretical triumph on rubin s part that far surpassed the insight of almost all of his predecessors and contemporaries 33 the biographical essay by lyudmila vasina and yakov rokityansky originally published in 1992 was a key part of the scholarly effort to restore isaak i rubin to his proper place in the history of marxist scholarship 34 selected publications edit chief works edit rubin isaak illich essays on marx s theory of value translated by milos samardzija and fredy perlman from the third edition moscow leningrad 1928 fourth printing montreal new york 1990 rubin isaak illich essays on marx s theory of value conceived as a variorum edition historical materialism band 339 brill leiden 2025 isbn 978 90 04 72133 3 further publications edit books edit rubin isaac ilych a history of economic thought inklinks 1979 translated and edited by donald filtzer from 2nd revised russian ed 1929 rubin isaac ilych essays on marx s theory of money 1926 8 translated in day and gaido 619 727 articles edit marx s teaching on production and consumption 1930 translated day and gaido 448 535 fundamental features of marx s theory of value and how it differs from ricardo s theory 1924 translated day and gaido 536 582 towards a history of the text of the first chapter of marx s capital 1929 translated day and gaido 583 618 the dialectical development of categories in marx s economic system 1929 translated day and gaido 728 818 abstract labour and value in marx s system 1927 translated by kathleen gilbert ricardo s doctrine of capital 1936 7 note discovered by vasina and rokityanskii english 1992 references edit 1 2 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 821 vasina rokityansky 2011 pp 821 822 1 2 rubin 2025 p 8 1 2 3 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 823 1 2 3 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 822 vasina rokityansky 2011 pp 824 825 1 2 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 825 rubin 2025 p 13 vasina rokityansky 2011 pp 826 827 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 830 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 831 1 2 rubin 2025 p 16 day gaido 2011 p 452 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 832 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 833 day gaido 2011 pp 731 732 rubin 2025 pp 9 31 352 1 2 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 834 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 835 1 2 3 4 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 836 1 2 day gaido 2011 p 432 day gaido 2011 p 28 day gaido 2011 p 729 day gaido 2011 p 539 rubin 2011b p 559 rubin 2011b p 561 rubin 2011b p 560 day gaido 2011 p 542 rubin 2025 p 104 day gaido 2011 p 540 1 2 3 day gaido 2011 p 29 day gaido 2011 pp 30 455 day gaido 2011 pp 29 35 vasina rokityansky 2011 p 819 works cited edit day richard b gaido daniel f 2011 2009 day richard b gaido daniel f eds responses to marx s capital from rudolf hilferding to isaak illich rubin leiden brill isbn 978 90 04 19125 9 rubin isaak i 2025 takenaga susumu ed essays on marx s theory of value conceived as a variorum edition historical materialism vol 339 leiden brill isbn 978 90 04 72133 3 cite book cs1 maint ref duplicates default link rubin isaak i 2011a fundamental features of marx s theory of value and how it differs from ricardo s theory 1924 in day richard b gaido daniel f eds responses to marx s capital from rudolf hilferding to isaak illich rubin leiden brill pp 539 582 isbn 978 90 04 19125 9 cite book cs1 maint ref duplicates default link rubin isaak i 2011b the dialectical development of categories in marx s economic system 1929 in day richard b gaido daniel f eds responses to marx s capital from rudolf hilferding to isaak illich rubin leiden brill pp 731 818 isbn 978 90 04 19125 9 cite book cs1 maint ref duplicates default link vasina lyudmila l rokityansky yakov g 2011 pages from the life and creative work of economist i i rubin 1992 in day richard b gaido daniel f eds responses to marx s capital from rudolf hilferding to isaak illich rubin leiden brill pp 819 836 isbn 978 90 04 19125 9 cite book cs1 maint ref duplicates default link further reading edit boldyrev ivan and martin kragh isaak rubin historian of economic thought during the stalinization of social sciences in soviet russia journal of the history of economic thought 2015 vol 37 iss 3 p 363 386 joe hyeon soo politische ökonomie als gesellschaftstheorie studien zur marx rezeption von isaak iljitsch rubin und kozo uno german diss philipps universität marburg 1995 paula joão antonio cerqueira hugo isaac i rubin e sua história do pensamento econômico belo horizonte cedeplar ufmg 2013 in portuguese vasina ljudmila l i i rubin marxforscher und politökonom german in beiträge zur marx engels forschung neue folge 1994 pp 144 149 external links edit writings of i i rubin at marxists org selected bibliography with links and...