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asian muslim communities to permanently settle in the united kingdom arriving in birmingham and bradford in the late 1930s immigration from mirpur grew from the late 1950s accompanied by immigration from other parts of pakistan especially from punjab which included cities like sialkot jhelum gujar khan and gujrat and also from the north west punjab including the chhachhi pathans from attock district and some from villages of ghazi nowshera and peshawar there is also a fairly large pakistani community from kenya and uganda found in london people of pakistani extraction are particularly notable in west midlands birmingham west yorkshire bradford london waltham forest newham lancashire greater manchester and several industrial towns like luton slough high wycombe and oxford bangladeshis edit see also british bangladeshi people of bangladeshi descent are one of the largest muslim communities after pakistanis 16 8 of muslims in england and wales are of bangladeshi descent the ethnic group in the uk with the largest proportion of people following a single religion being 92 muslim 74 majority of these muslim come from the sylhet region of bangladesh mainly concentrated in london tower hamlets newham and redbridge luton birmingham and oldham the bangladeshi muslim community in london form 24 of the muslim population larger than any other ethnic group 75 initial limited mosque availability meant that prayers were conducted in small rooms of council flats until the 1980s when more and larger facilities became available some synagogues and community buildings were turned into mosques and existing mosques began to expand their buildings this process has continued down to the present day with the east london mosque recently expanding into a large former car park where the london muslim centre is now used for prayers recreational facilities and housing 76 77 most people regard themselves as part of the ummah and their identity based on their religion rather than their ethnic group 78 cultural aspects of a bengali islam are seen as superstition and as un islamic 78 the identity is far stronger in comparison to the native land other groups also attract a few people the salafi who view the teachings of the first generations as the correct one 79 and appeals to younger muslims as a way to differentiate themselves towards their elders 76 80 other large groups include another sunni movement the fultoli movement initiated by abdul latif chowdhury and the tablighi jamaat which is a missionary and revival movement 81 and avoids political attention all these groups work to stimulate islamic identity among local bengalis or muslims and particularly focus on the younger members of the communities 77 82 83 indians edit see also british indian 8 of muslims in england and wales are of indian descent especially those who are from gujarat west bengal uttar pradesh and bihar the gujarati muslims from surat and bharuch districts in india started to arrive from the 1930s settling in the towns of dewsbury and batley in yorkshire and parts of lancashire there are large numbers of gujarati muslims in dewsbury blackburn inc darwen bolton preston nuneaton gloucester and london newham waltham forest and hackney immigration of muslims into uk was primarily started off by indians during the colonial rule somalis edit see also somalis in the united kingdom the united kingdom with 43 532 somalia born residents in 2001 84 and an estimated 101 000 in 2008 85 is home to the largest somali community in europe a 2009 estimate by somali community organisations puts the somali population figure at 90 000 residents 86 although most somalis in the uk are recent arrivals the first somali immigrants were seamen and traders who arrived and settled in port cities in the late 19th century 86 established somali communities are found in bristol liverpool and london and newer ones have formed in leicester manchester and sheffield 87 88 it has been estimated that between 7 000 and 9 000 somalis live in liverpool 89 90 turks edit main article turks in the united kingdom turks first began to emigrate in large numbers from the island of cyprus for work and then again when turkish cypriots were forced to leave their homes during the cyprus conflict citation needed turks then began to come from turkey for economic reasons recently smaller groups of turks have begun to immigrate to the united kingdom from other european countries 91 as of 2011 there is a total of about 500 000 people of turkish origin in the uk 92 made up of approximately 150 000 turkish nationals and about 300 000 turkish cypriots 93 furthermore in recent years there has been a growing number of ethnic turks with bulgarian german greek macedonian and romanian citizenship who have also migrated to the united kingdom 93 the majority live in london white european edit muhammad marmaduke pickthall author of the meaning of the glorious koran the 2001 census stated that there were 179 409 muslims who described themselves as white in the 2001 census 94 about one third of white muslims are of white slavic and balkan muslim origin and would likely have originated from locations such as bosnia and herzegovina kosovo adyghe chechnya albania macedonia and bulgaria 94 another one third have origins in turkey the middle east and north africa the remainder of white muslims identified themselves as white british and white irish including converts 94 nigerian edit there are also a number of muslim immigrants in england that arrived from nigeria nigerian muslims in the uk are represented by several community organizations including the nigeria muslim forum which is affiliated with the council of nigerian muslim organisations in uk and ireland cnmo and the muslim council of britain mcb 95 maghrebis edit main article maghreb although data is short findings indicate maghrebis make up a substantial community in europe and england britain has long ties with maghrebis through contact with the moors nevertheless britain has a far lower count of maghrebis in comparison to france belgium the netherlands and spain where the majority of muslims are maghrebi 96 conflicts edit see also terrorism in the united kingdom social disturbance began in the muslim community in england in 1988 with the publication of the satirical novel the satanic verses in london ayatollah khomeini condemned the book with a fatwa in 1989 97 the satanic verses controversy led to muslim men first in bolton 98 and then in bradford 99 organising book burnings the 7 july 2005 london bombings were a series of coordinated blasts that hit the public transport system during the morning rush hour killing 52 people and also the four bombers the latter were british muslims three of pakistani and one of jamaican heritage they were apparently motivated by britain s involvement in the iraq war and other conflicts 100 101 in response dr afifi al akiti the kfas fellow in islamic studies at the oxford centre for islamic studies and the islamic centre lecturer in islamic studies in the faculty of theology university of oxford wrote an internationally acclaimed fatwa against terrorism titled defending the transgressed by censuring the reckless against the killing of civilians 102 in may 2013 british soldier lee rigby was publicly killed in woolwich london two converts to islam of nigerian heritage were found guilty of the murder one of them having claimed to be a soldier of allah as his unsuccessful legal defence 103 in 2017 there were four terrorist attacks the westminster attack the manchester arena bombing the 2017 london bridge attack and the parsons green train bombing on 20 june 2020 khairi saadallah carried out the 2020 reading stabbings in forbury gardens reading england killing three men and injuring three others in a knife attack that police and the courts classified as an act of islamist terrorism 104 position in society edit markazi masjid in savile town the savile town is a muslim majority town in england with 93 being asian muslims 105 poverty edit according to analysis based on the 2001 census muslims in england face poor standards of housing poorer levels of education and are more vulnerable to long term illness 106 and that muslims in the uk had the highest rate of unemployment the poorest health the most disability and fewest educational qualifications among religious groups 107 the figures were to some extent explained by the fact that muslims were the least well established group having the youngest age profile 107 conversely there are estimated to be around 10 000 british muslim millionaires 108 there is a growing substantial british muslim business community led by multi billionaires such as sir anwar pervez 109 education edit on a study of more than 13 000 young people approximately 53 of british muslims choose to attend university 110 this is higher than the figure for christians 45 and atheists 32 but lower than the figure of hindus and sikhs who score 77 and 63 respectively 110 muslim schools regularly outperform those of other faiths in 2015 over half of muslim schools have average of students achieving higher gcses 71 than the national figure 64 111 discrimination edit see also islamophobia in the united kingdom there have been cases of threats 112 one alleged fatal attack 113 and non fatal attacks on muslims and on muslim targets including attacks on muslim graves 114 and mosques 115 in january 2010 a report from the university of exeter s european muslim research centre noted that the number of anti muslim hate crimes has increased ranging from death threats and murder to persistent low level assaults such as spitting and name calling for which the media and politicians have been blamed with fueling anti muslim hatred 116 117 118 the british media has been criticised for propagating negative stereotypes of muslims and fueling islamophobic prejudice 119 in 2006 several british cabinet ministers were criticised for helping to unleash a public anti muslim backlash by blaming the muslim community over issues of integration despite a study commissioned by the home office on white and asian muslim youths demonstrating otherwise that asian muslim youths are in fact the most tolerant of all and that white youths have far more intolerant attitudes concluding that the attitudes held by members of the white community was a greater barrier to integration 120 121 another survey by gallup in 2009 also found that the muslim community claimed to feel more patriotic about britain than the general british population as a whole 122 123 while another survey found that muslims assert that they support the role of christianity in british life more so than british christians themselves 124 in january 2010 the british social attitudes survey found that the general public is far more likely to hold negative views of muslims than of any other religious group with just one in four feeling positively about islam and a majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area while only 15 per cent expressed similar qualms about the opening of a church 125 the scapegoating of british muslims by the media and politicians in the 21st century has been compared in the media to the rise of antisemitism in the early 20th century 126 views on islam in london edit a poll by the london evening standard in december 2007 which surveyed a range of the capital s communities including muslims found that 49 of those surveyed considered islam as generally intolerant while 44 saw it as generally tolerant a total of 51 felt that muslims were isolated from other communities to a degree with 12 believing that the majority of them were a large majority 81 to 7 believed that the most holy day in islam eid should not be officially celebrated by the british government and 88 opposed muslim teachers covering their faces at work see british debate over veils a majority 55 wanted immigration of muslims to be cut with 33 wanting it cut greatly islam was seen as the cause of the 7 july attacks on the city in 2005 by 52 of the population with 35 seeing it as a major factor views from the survey which were not in line with the largely negative views included that 71 would vote for a muslim mayor of london if they were the best candidate with 16 against such a vote 127 notable mosques edit main article list of mosques in the united kingdom england in london edit the london central mosque built in 1977 east london mosque finsbury park mosque de radicalised abbey mills mosque london central mosque aka the islamic cultural centre in regent s park elsewhere edit jamea masjid in preston known for its architectural design jamea masjid in preston shah jahan mosque in woking was the first purpose built mosque in britain markazi mosque in dewsbury manchester central mosque al rahma mosque in liverpool birmingham central mosque leeds grand mosque medina mosque in sheffield see also edit list of british muslims islamic party of britain islam in northern ireland islam in scotland islam in wales islam in the united kingdom islam by country islam in europe religion in england the muslim weekly islam in london english defence league references edit 1 2 religion 2019 ons gov uk retrieved 7 october 2022 born abroad countries of birth bbc co uk bbc 2005 09 07 retrieved 2008 02 16 1 2 3 2011 census ks209ew religion local authorities in england and wales ons gov uk retrieved 15 december 2012 the daily telegraph almost a tenth of babies and toddlers in england and wales are muslim census figures show by keith perry january 10 2013 religion england and wales office for national statistics www ons gov uk retrieved 2022 11 30 milliken david 2022 11 29 england and wales more ethnically mixed and less religious census shows reuters retrieved 2022 11 30 gold imitation dinar of offa archived 2012 08 20 at the wayback machine british museum bernard lewis 1957 the muslim discovery of europe bulletin of the school of oriental and african studies 20 1 3 cambridge university press 409 416 410 doi 10 1017 s0041977x00061954 jstor 610392 s2cid 246638865 chaucer the canterbury tales harmondsworth penguin 1951 p280 and note p522 ziauddin sardar science in islamic philosophy archived 2009 05 05 at the wayback machine randall noon 1992 introduction to forensic engineering crc press isbn 0849381029 glick thomas f livesey steven john wallis faith medieval science technology and medicine an encyclopedia first edition routledge 29 september 2005 isbn 978 0 415 96930 7 moorstein mark frameworks conflict in balance page 237 iuniverse inc 9 june 2004 308 pp isbn 978 0 595 31824 7 lindberg david c 1996 roger bacon and the origins of perspectiva in the middle ages clarendon press p 11 isbn 9780198239925 makdisi john a 6 january 1999 the islamic origins of the common law north carolina law review 77 5 1635 via university of north carolina school of law 1 2 mukul devichand 24 september 2008 is english law related to muslim law 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