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uch as age verification and scans are relatively ineffective means of apprehending online predators 46 in may 2010 a child pornography social networking site with hundreds of members was dismantled by law enforcement it was deemed the largest crimes against children case brought anywhere by anyone 47 girls in particular are also known to be at more of risk online using social networks than boys according to the article high tech or high risks moral panics about girls online it suggests that young girls are more at risks because they are often represented through products of play in transgressive poses because they often manipulate other users online by making themselves look older than what they actually appear which can attract sexual predators many parents of teenage girls worry about their safety online because of the many manipulations there are online and on social networking sites 48 social networking can also be a risk to child safety in another way parents can get addicted to games and neglect their children one instance in south korea resulted in the death of a child from starvation 49 law enforcement agencies have published articles with their recommendations to parents about their children s use of social networking sites 50 51 trolling edit main article troll internet social networking sites such as facebook are occasionally used to emotionally abuse harass or bully individuals either by posting defamatory statements or by forwarding private digital photos or videos that can have an adverse impact on the individuals depicted in the videos such actions are often referred to as trolling confrontations in the real world can also be transferred to the online world citation needed trolling can occur in many different forms such as but not limited to defacement of deceased person s tribute pages name calling playing online pranks on individuals and making controversial or inflammatory comments with the intention to cause anger and cause arguments individuals troll for many reasons the psychology behind why people troll according to psychology today is due to anonymity perceived obscurity and a perceived lack of consequences for online misbehavior trolls may also do their activities due to a perceived majority status social identity salience and due to a sense by the troll that she or he is surrounded by online friends trolls may also engage in harmful acts due to desensitization or negative personality traits fox 2014 52 as these eight reasons behind the thought processes of trolls suggest individuals thrive behind being able to create a false identity or pseudonym to hide behind and the premise that they have friends on social networks that agree with their outlook on certain topics thus join in on trolling the reason for the perceived lack of consequences is that they believe they have created an identity in which they can not be seen as a real life human and more of a persona avatar that they have created which leads them to feel that they will not face the consequences of being an online troll trolling is a prominent issue in the 2010s and as the internet and social media is consistently expanding and more individuals sign up to social networking sites more people come under fire and become the target of trolls as more people sign up to social networking sites more celebrities are also becoming more prominent on these sites with a variety of celebrities joining social networking sites trolls tend to target abuse towards them with some famous people gaining an influx of negative comments and slew of abuse from trolls it causes them to quit social media one prime example of a celebrity quitting social media is stephen fry he left twitter due to too much aggression and unkindness around emphasizing how trolls can negatively impact people s lives cohen 2014 53 as celebrities face trolls and backlash on social media forcing them to quit it can mean that they become less in touch with their fans potentially losing a fan base as they are not as relevant as people enjoy interacting with celebrities and makes them feel as though they are valued as trolling can lead to celebrities deleting their social networks such as twitter it emphasizes how trolls can win and can ruin people s lives while trolls believe that they do not face consequences and can troll others on the internet without repercussions in the 2000s due to high profile cases where cyberbullies have allegedly been factors in suicides attributed to bullying more laws have been put in place by governments trolls can face going to prison for certain actions that they take on the internet such as spreading hate speech such as racist messages one of the highest profile cases is racist trolling racist trolling has seen individuals been sent to prison for tweets they have sent that to them may have seemed harmless and not racist one case of this in recent years is liam stacey who was jailed for fifty six days for tweeting offensive messages such as muamba is dead hahahaha referring to when footballer fabrice muamba collapsed during a professional football game for bolton wanders williams 2012 54 this highlights how offensive tweets and messages sent on any social networking platform does have repercussions for individuals and they have to be aware that they have to face the consequences of their actions radicalization edit social networking sites allow a greater spread of ideas than previously possible however this has the side effect of allowing those with fringe political and or economic views such as white nationalists terrorists racists and neo nazis to easily spread propaganda and convert others to their ideology this is due to the fact social networking sites often have algorithms for finding content and these algorithms can trap users in an echo chamber or rabbit hole that allows for easier radicalization 55 due to this risk many social networking sites put measures in place to prevent hate speech and radicalization though these have been controversial due to the argument that they intentionally or not limit free speech on the internet online bullying edit online bullying also called cyberbullying is a relatively common occurrence and it can often result in emotional trauma for the victim depending on the networking outlet up to 39 of users admit to being cyber bullied 56 in her article why youth heart social network sites danah boyd published in december 2007 a researcher of social networks quotes a teenager the teenager expresses frustration towards networking sites like myspace because it causes drama and too much emotional stress 23 there are not many limitations as to what individuals can post when online individuals are given the power to post offensive remarks or pictures that could potentially cause a great amount of emotional pain for another individual interpersonal communication edit interpersonal communication has been a growing issue as more and more people have turned to social networking as a means of communication benniger 1987 describes how mass media has gradually replaced interpersonal communication as a socializing force further social networking sites have become popular sites for youth culture to explore themselves relationships and share cultural artifacts 57 the convenience that social network sites give users to communicate with one another can also damage their interpersonal communication sherry turkle the founder and director of the mit initiative on technology and self stated networked we are together but so lessened are our expectations of each other that we feel utterly alone and there is the risk that we come to see others as objects to be accessed and only for the parts we find useful comforting or amusing 58 furthermore social network sites can create insincere friendships turkle also noted they nurture friendships on social networking sites and then wonder if they are among friends they become confused about companionship 59 psychological effects of social networking edit as social networking sites have risen in popularity over the past years people have been spending an excessive amount of time on the internet in general and social networking sites in specific this has led researchers to debate the establishment of internet addiction as an actual clinical disorder 60 social networking can also affect the extent to which a person feels lonely in a newsweek article johannah cornblatt explains social networking sites like facebook and myspace may provide people with a false sense of connection that ultimately increases loneliness in people who feel alone john t cacioppo a neuroscientist at the university of chicago claims that social networking can foster feelings of sensitivity to disconnection which can lead to loneliness 61 fabio sabatini and francesco sarracino found that if an individual tends to a trust people and b have a significant number of face to face interactions the individual is likely to assess their own well being as relatively high the researchers found that online social networking plays a positive role in subjective well being when the networking is used to facilitate physical interactions but networking activities that do not facilitate face to face interactions tend to erode trust and this erosion can then negatively affect subjective well being independent of the online social interaction itself sabatini and sarracino conclude that the overall effect of networking on individual welfare is significantly negative 62 however some scholars have expressed that concerns about social networking are often exaggerated and poorly researched 63 social media can be argued to have a positive influence on society by giving those who are highly introverted or socially inept a low risk means of communication that removes interpersonal cues that could cause anxiety or panic attacks 64 it has also been argued among academics that correct moderation by an authority figure such as a boss or parent can improve the perceived well being of an individual who navigates social media 65 as well as a variety of longitudinal studies that look at children at the start of the social media digital era up to the present finding no correlation between social media screen time and mental health 66 67 patents edit this section needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information june 2020 number of us social network patent applications published per year and patents issued per year there has been rapid growth in the number of u s patent applications that cover new technologies related to social networking the number of published applications has been growing rapidly since 2003 there were over 3 500 published applications by 2011 95 as many as 7 000 applications may be currently on file including those that haven t been published yet 68 only about 400 of these applications have issued as patents 69 however due largely to the multi year backlog in examination of business method patents and the difficulty in getting these patent applications allowed 70 it has been reported that social networking patents are important for the establishment of new start up companies 71 it has also been reported however that social networking patents inhibit innovation 72 unreliable source on june 15 2010 the united states patent and trademark office awarded amazon com a patent for a social networking system based on its ownership of planetall 73 the patent describes a social networking system as a networked computer system provides various services for assisting users in locating and establishing contact relationships with other users for example in one embodiment users can identify other users based on their affiliations with particular schools or other organizations the system also provides a mechanism for a user to selectively establish contact relationships or connections with other users and to grant permissions for such other users to view personal information of the user the system may also include features for enabling users to identify contacts of their respective contacts in addition the system may automatically notify users of personal information updates made by their respective contacts 74 the patent has garnered attention due to its similarity to the popular social networking site facebook 75 workers rights edit what types of speech workers are protected from being fired for on social networking websites has been an issue for american companies with over 100 complaints as of 2011 on this topic having been made to the national labor relations board nlrb 76 the national labor relations act protects workers from being fired for protected concerted activity which prevents workers from being fired for collective action while allowing companies the right to fire workers for individual actions they take against the company 76 companies are concerned with the potential damage comments online can do to public image due to their visibility and accessibility but despite over 100 cases being presented thus far to nlrb only one has led to a formal ruling leaving uncertainty as to the boundaries of what types of speech the nlrb will ultimately protect or condemn 76 centralized architecture edit most of the existing sns sites use one or multiple dedicated data centers to serve all its users such infrastructure based systems faces over provisioning during non peak hours while may encounter service outage during peak hours due to the highly dynamic of sns users activities there are several proposals leveraging a decentralized architecture to ensure the scalability of sns sites with low infrastructure cost these proposals include fethr 77 uaosn 78 and cuckoo 79 virtual identity suicide edit there is a growing number of social network users who decide to quit their user account by committing a so called virtual identity suicide or web 2 0 suicide a 2013 study in the journal cyberpsychology behavior and social networking investigated this phenomenon from the perspective of facebook users the number one reason for these users was privacy concerns 48 being followed by a general dissatisfaction with the social networking website 14 negative aspects regarding social network friends 13 and the feeling of getting addicted to the social networking website 6 facebook quitters were found to be more concerned about privacy more addicted to the internet and more conscientious 80 social overload edit the increasing number of messages and social relationships embedded in sns also increases the amount of social information demanding a reaction from sns users consequently sns users perceive they are giving too much social support to other sns friends this dark side of sns usage is called social overload 81 it is caused by the extent of usage number of friends subjective social support norms and type of relationship online only vs offline friends while age has only an indirect effect the psychological and behavioral con...