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the public sphere however in more recent years the enforcement of this standard has fallen out of favor in italy and news reporters actors and the like are now more free to deliver their words in their native regional variety of italian which appeals to the italian population s range of linguistic diversity the variety is still not represented in its wholeness and accents from the south are maybe to be considered less popular except in shows set in the south and in comedy a field in which naples sicily and the south in general have always been present although it still represents the basics for the standard variety the loosened restrictions have led to tuscan being seen for what it is just one dialect among many with its own regional peculiarities and qualities many of which are shared with umbria southern marche and northern lazio in tuscany although not in standard italian which is derived from but not equivalent to tuscan dialect voiceless stops are typically pronounced as fricatives between vowels 46 that is p t k ɸ θ h x e g i capitani the captains iˌhaɸiˈθaːni a phenomenon known as the gorgia toscana tuscan throat in a much more widespread area of central italy postalveolar affricates are deaffricated when intervocalic so that in cina in china is pronounced in t͡ʃiːna but la cina the china is laʃiːna and ˈbat͡ʃo bacio kiss is ˈbaːʃo rather than standard italian ˈbaːt͡ʃo 47 this deaffrication can result in minimal pairs distinguished only by length of the fricatives ʃ issuing from t͡ʃ and ʃː from geminate ʃʃ laʃeˈrɔ lacerò s he ripped vs laʃːeˈrɔ lascerò i will leave in nonstandard varieties of central and southern italian some stops at the end of a syllable completely assimilate to the following consonant citation needed for example a venetian might say tecnica as ˈtɛknika or ˈtɛɡnika in violation of normal italian consonant contact restrictions clarification needed while a florentine would probably pronounce tecnica as ˈtɛnniha a roman on a range from ˈtɛnnika to ˈtɛnniɡa in southern italian complex clusters usually are separated by a vowel a neapolitan would say ˈtɛkkənikə a sicilian ˈtɛkkɪnɪka similarly although the cluster kt has developed historically as tt through assimilation a learned word such as ictus will be pronounced ittus by some iktus by others in popular non tuscan central and southern italian speech b and d͡ʒ tend to always be geminated bb and dd͡ʒ when between two vowels or a vowel and a sonorant j w l or r sometimes this is also used in written language e g writing robba instead of roba property to suggest a regional accent although this spelling is considered incorrect in tuscany and beyond in central and southern italy intervocalic non geminate d͡ʒ is realized as ʒ parallel to t͡ʃ realized as ʃ described above the two phonemes s and z have merged in many varieties of italian when between two vowels within the same word it tends to always be pronounced z in northern italy and s in central and southern italy except in the arbëreshë community a notable example is the word casa house in northern italy it is pronounced ˈkaːza in southern central italy it is pronounced ˈkaːsa in several southern varieties voiceless stops tend to be voiced if following a sonorant as an influence of the still largely spoken regional languages campo ˈkampo is often pronounced ˈkambo and antonio anˈtɔnjo is frequently anˈdɔnjo the various tuscan corsican and central italian dialects are to some extent the closest ones to standard italian in terms of linguistic features since the latter is based on a somewhat polished form of florentine childhood phonological development edit main article phonological development very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in italian 48 this article primarily describes phonological development after the first year of life see the main article on phonological development for a description of first year stages many of the earliest stages are thought to be universal to all infants phoneme inventory edit word final consonants are rarely produced during the early stages of word production consonants are usually found in word initial position or in intervocalic position 49 17 months edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2026 learn how and when to remove this message most consonants are word initial they are the stops p b t and k and the nasal m a preference for a front place of articulation is present 21 months edit more phones now appear in intervocalic contexts the additions to the phonetic inventory are the voiced stop d the nasal n the voiceless affricate t͡ʃ and the liquid l 49 24 months edit the fricatives f v and s are added primarily at the intervocalic position 49 27 months edit approximately equal numbers of phones are now produced in word initial and intervocalic position additions to the phonetic inventory are the voiced stop ɡ and the consonant cluster kw while the word initial inventory now tends to have all the phones of the adult targets adult production of the child s words the intervocalic inventory tends to still be missing four consonants or consonant clusters of the adult targets f d͡ʒ r and st 49 stops are the most common manner of articulation at all stages and are produced more often than they are present in the target words at around 18 months gradually this frequency decreases to almost target like frequency by around 27 months the opposite process happens with fricatives affricates laterals and trills initially the production of these phonemes is significantly less than what is found in the target words and the production continues to increases to target like frequency alveolars and bilabials are the two most common places of articulation with alveolar production steadily increasing after the first stage and bilabial production gently decreasing labiodental and postalveolar production increases throughout development while velar production decreases 50 phonotactics edit syllable structures edit 6 10 months edit babbling becomes distinct from previous less structured vocal play initially syllable structure is limited to cvcv called reduplicated babbling at this stage children s vocalizations have a weak relation to adult italian and the italian lexicon 51 11 14 months edit the most used syllable type changes as children age and the distribution of syllables takes on increasingly italian characteristics this ability significantly increases between the ages of 11 and 12 months 12 and 13 months and 13 and 14 months 51 consonant clusters are still absent children s first ten words appear around month 12 and take cvcv format e g mamma mom papà dad 52 18 24 months edit reduplicated babbling is replaced by variegated babbling producing syllable structures such as c 1 vc 2 v e g cane dog topo mouse production of trisyllabic words begins e g pecora sheep matita pencil 52 consonant clusters are now present e g bimba female child venti twenty ambient language plays an increasingly significant role as children begin to solidify early syllable structure syllable combinations that are infrequent in the italian lexicon such as velar labial sequences e g capra goat or gamba leg are infrequently produced correctly by children and are often subject to consonant harmony 53 stress patterns edit in italian stress is lexical meaning it is word specific and partly unpredictable penultimate stress primary stress on the second to last syllable is also generally preferred 54 55 this goal acting simultaneously with the child s initial inability to produce polysyllabic words often results in weak syllable deletion the primary environment for weak syllable deletion in polysyllabic words is word initial as deleting word final or word medial syllables would interfere with the penultimate stress pattern heard in ambient language 56 phonological awareness edit children develop syllabic segmentation awareness earlier than phonemic segmentation awareness in earlier stages syllables are perceived as a separate phonetic unit while phonemes are perceived as assimilated units by coarticulation in spoken language by first grade italian children are nearing full development of segmentation awareness on both syllables and phonemes compared to those children whose mother tongue exhibits closed syllable structure cvc ccvc cvcc etc italian speaking children develop this segmentation awareness earlier possibly due to its open syllable structure cvcv cvcvcv etc 57 rigidity in italian shallow orthography and open syllable structure makes it easier for italian speaking children to be aware of those segments 58 sample texts edit milan speaker reading the bible luke 2 1 7 problems playing this file see media help provided here is a rendition of the bible luke 2 1 7 as read by a native italian speaker from milan as a northerner his pronunciation lacks syntactic doubling ˈfu ˈfatto instead of ˈfu fˈfatto and intervocalic s ˈkaːza instead of ˈkaːsa the speaker realises r as ʋ in some positions 2 1 in quei giorni un decreto di cesare augusto ordinava che si facesse un censimento di tutta la terra 2 questo primo censimento fu fatto quando quirino era governatore della siria 3 tutti andavano a farsi registrare ciascuno nella propria città 4 anche giuseppe che era della casa e della famiglia di davide dalla città di nazaret e dalla galilea si recò in giudea nella città di davide chiamata betlemme 5 per farsi registrare insieme a maria sua sposa che era incinta 6 proprio mentre si trovavano lì venne il tempo per lei di partorire 7 mise al mondo il suo primogenito lo avvolse in fasce e lo depose in una mangiatoia poiché non c era posto per loro nella locanda the differences in pronunciation are underlined in the following transcriptions the velar ŋ is an allophone of n vowel length is also not phonemic a rough phonetic transcription of the audio sample is 2 1 iŋ ˈkw ɛ i ˈdʒorni un deˈkreːto di ˈtʃeːzare auˈɡusto ordiˈnaːva ke s i faˈtʃ ɛ sːe un tʃensiˈmento di ˈtutːa la ˈtɛrːa 2 ˈkw ɛ sto ˈpriːmo tʃensiˈmento fu ˈf atːo ˈkwando kwiˈriːno ˈ e ːra ɡovernaˈtoːre d ɛ lːa ˈsiːrja 3 ˈtutːi anˈdaːvano a ˈf arsi redʒiˈstraːre tʃaˈskuːno n ɛ lːa ˈprɔːprja tʃiˈtːa 4 ˈaŋke dʒuˈzɛpːe ke ˈ e ːra d ɛ lːa ˈkaː z a e d ɛ lːa faˈmiʎːa di ˈdaːvide dalːa tʃiˈtːa d i ˈnadzːaret e d alːa ɡaliˈl e ːa si reˈkɔ in dʒuˈd e ːa n ɛ lla tʃiˈtːa d i ˈdaːvide kjaˈmaːta beˈtlɛmːe 5 per ˈfarsi redʒiˈstraːre inˈsj e ːme a m aˈriːa s w a ˈspɔːza ke ˈ e ːra inˈtʃinta 6 ˈprɔːprjo ˈmentre si troˈvaːvano ˈli ˈv ɛ nːe il ˈt e mpo per ˈlɛi di partoˈriːre 7 ˈmiːze al ˈmondo il s w o primoˈdʒ e ːnito lo aˈvːɔlse iɱ ˈfa ːʃ e e l o deˈpoː z e in ˈuːna mandʒaˈt ɔ ːja poiˈke n on ˈtʃ e ːra ˈp ɔ sto per ˈloːro n ɛ lːa loˈkanda the standard italian pronunciation of the text is 2 1 iŋ ˈkw e i ˈdʒorni un deˈkreːto di ˈtʃeːzare auˈɡusto ordiˈnaːva ke sː i faˈtʃ e sːe un tʃensiˈmento di ˈtutːa la ˈtɛrːa 2 ˈkw e sto ˈpriːmo tʃensiˈmento fu ˈfː atːo ˈkwando kwiˈriːno ˈ ɛ ːra ɡovernaˈtoːre d e lːa ˈsiːrja 3 ˈtutːi anˈdaːvano a ˈfː arsi redʒiˈstraːre tʃaˈskuːno n e lːa ˈprɔːprja tʃiˈtːa 4 ˈaŋke dʒuˈzɛpːe ke ˈ ɛ ːra d e lːa ˈkaː s a e dː e lːa faˈmiʎːa di ˈdaːvide dalːa tʃiˈtːa dː i ˈnadzːaret e dː alːa ɡaliˈl ɛ ːa si reˈkɔ in dʒuˈd ɛ ːa n e lːa tʃiˈtːa dː i ˈdaːvide kjaˈmaːta beˈtlɛmːe 5 per ˈfarsi redʒiˈstraːre inˈsj ɛ ːme a mː aˈriːa ˈ s uː a ˈspɔːza ke ˈ ɛ ːra inˈtʃinta 6 ˈprɔːprjo ˈmentre si troˈvaːvano ˈli ˈv e nːe il ˈt ɛ mpo per ˈlɛi di partoˈriːre 7 ˈmiːze al ˈmondo il ˈ s uː o primoˈdʒ ɛ ːnito lo aˈvːɔlse iɱ ˈfa ʃː e e lː o deˈpoː s e in ˈuːna mandʒaˈt o ːja poiˈke nː on ˈtʃ ɛ ːra ˈp o sto per ˈloːro n e lːa loˈkanda see also edit italian language italian grammar italian orthography syntactic gemination wikipedia help page for ipa for italian includes english approximations italian pronunciation guide at wiktionary references edit hall 1944 pp 77 78 additional minimal pairs include ano anno papa pappa note notte sete sette vale valle belo bello fate fatte casa cassa caro carro 1 2 3 4 rogers d arcangeli 2004 p 117 hall 1944 p 78 1 2 3 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 p 132 1 2 canepari 1992 p 62 1 2 3 4 canepari 1992 pp 68 75 76 canepari 1992 pp 57 84 88 89 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 p 133 canepari 1992 pp 58 88 89 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 p 134 canepari 1992 pp 57 59 88 89 1 2 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 pp 134 135 canepari 1992 p 59 canepari 1992 p 58 recasens 2013 p 13 in a large number of italian accents there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of ʎ creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative for which there is no established ipa symbol ashby 2011 64 1 2 ladefoged maddieson 1996 p 221 rogers d arcangeli 2004 p 118 1 2 3 4 5 luciano canepari a handbook of pronunciation chapter 3 italian romano antonio a preliminary contribution to the study of phonetic variation of r in italian and italo romance rhotics new data and perspectives proc of r atics 3 libera università di bolzano 2011 209 226 pp 213 214 dizionario d ortografia e di pronunzia archived from the original on 2011 07 22 retrieved 2009 12 12 dizionario d ortografia e di pronunzia archived from the original on 2011 07 22 retrieved 2009 12 12 1 2 rogers d arcangeli 2004 p 119 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 p 136 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 p 137 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 pp 137 138 paltò www treccani it in italian vocabolario treccani bertinetto loporcaro 2005 p 138 dizionario d ortografia e di pronunzia archived from the original on 2009 07 13 retrieved 2008 09 01 dizionario d ortografia e di pronunzia archived from the original on 2009 07 13 retrieved 2008 09 01 dizionario d ortografia e di pronunzia archived from the original on 2009 07 13 retrieved 2008 09 01 dizionario d ortografia e di pronunzia archived from the original on 2009 07 13 retrieved 2008 09 01 hall 1944 p 79 sibilanti in enciclopedia dell italiano 1 2 hall 1944 p 80 luciano canepari a handbook of pronunciation chapter 3 italian pp 135 36 acoustic data confirm the fact that sˈtv sˈtv after a pause or silence is part of the same syllable a little particular possibly on the scale of syllabicity but nothing really surprising whereas obviously vsˈtv vsˈtv constitute two phono syllables bordering between two c luciano canepari a handbook of pronunciation chapter 3 italian p 136 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 p 141 krämer 2009 pp 138 139 1 2 3 krämer 2009 p 138 krämer 2009 pp 138 141 krämer 2009 p 135 examples come from krämer 2009 136 thebigbook 2ed p 111 hall 1944 p 75 hall 1944 p 76 keren portnoy majorano vihman 2009 p 240 1 2 3 4 zmarich bonifacio 2005 p 759 zmarich bonifacio 2005 p 760 1 2 majorano d odorico 2011 p 53 1 2 fasolo majorano d odorico 2006 p 86 majorano d odorico 2011 p 58 stress in italian occurs most often on the penultimate syllable paroxytones it also occurs on the antepenultimate syllable proparoxytones borrelli 2002 8 d imperio rosenthall 1999 p 5...