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reheat turbine 25 siemens also supplied instrumentation and control systems 26 the plants use brightsource energy s luz power tower 550 lpt 550 technology 27 which heats the steam to 550 c directly in the receivers 28 the plants have no storage 29 final approval for the project was granted in october 2010 30 on october 27 2010 governor of california arnold schwarzenegger interior secretary ken salazar and other dignitaries gathered in the mojave desert to break the ground for the construction 11 view of the ivanpah solar power facility from the yates well road exit of the i 15 freeway the largest investor in the project was nrg energy a generating company based in princeton new jersey it contributed 300 million 17 the project also received an investment of 168 million from google 31 in november 2011 google announced that it would no longer invest in the facility due to the rapid decline of the price of photovoltaic systems 32 33 17 90 000 000 in financing was provided through the eb 5 investor immigration program managed in this case by cmb regional centers 34 the project which had a total cost of about 2 18 billion 35 received a 1 6 billion loan guarantee from the united states department of energy 36 the facility developed contracts to sell about two thirds of the power it generated to the pacific gas and electric company pg e and the rest to southern california edison sce 37 38 27 pg e announced in 2025 that it was terminating its contracts subject to approval by regulators 39 in december 2025 the cpuc unanimously rejected that agreement citing concerns about grid reliability and wasting sunk costs the decision requires two of the three units to remain running 40 ivanpah solar power facility online ivanpah s eastern tower online note the sunlight glare on either side of the boiler one of the three towers of the ivanpah solar power facility a close up of one of the boilers taken with very short exposure solar towers in full operation satellite photo of ivanpah center fossil fuel consumption edit the plant burns natural gas each morning to commence operation the wall street journal reported instead of ramping up the plant each day before sunrise by burning one hour s worth of natural gas to generate steam ivanpah needs more than four times that much 41 on august 27 2014 the state of california approved ivanpah to increase its annual natural gas consumption from 328 000 000 cubic feet 9 300 000 m 3 of natural gas as previously approved to 525 000 000 cubic feet 14 900 000 m 3 42 in 2014 the plant burned 868 10 9 british thermal units 254 gwh of natural gas emitting 46 084 metric tons of carbon dioxide which is nearly twice the pollution threshold at which power plants and factories in california are required to participate in the state s cap and trade program to reduce carbon emissions 43 if that fuel had been used in a combined cycle gas turbine ccgt plant it would have generated about 124 gwh of electrical energy 44 the facility used that gas plus solar energy to produce 419 gwh of electrical energy more than three times that of the referenced ccgt plant all the while operating at well below its expected output in 2015 the facility showed higher production numbers with q1 increases of 170 over the same time period in 2014 45 the facility uses three rentech type d water tube boilers and three night time preservation boilers the california energy resources conservation and development commission approved for each a stack 130 feet 40 m high and 60 inches 1 5 m in diameter and consumption of 242 500 cu ft h 6 870 m 3 h of fuel 46 economic impact edit brightsource estimated that the ivanpah facility would provide 1 000 jobs at the peak of construction 86 permanent jobs and total economic benefits of 3 billion 37 27 elected san bernardino county supervisor brad mitzelfelt who represents most of the california mojave desert stated that the project would create jobs for mostly las vegas and electricity for mostly san francisco 47 the project received a 1 6 billion loan guarantee from the united states department of energy 48 according to synapse energy economics the estimated construction cost for the facility of 5 561 00 per kw fell between that of coal and nuclear power plants 49 50 but this does not account for the less favorable capacity factor of solar power in november 2014 the facility s investors applied for a 539 million federal grant to finance their federal loan 18 performance edit contracted power delivery performance of 640 gwh year from units 1 and 3 and 336 gwh from unit 2 45 was met by 2017 following sharply reduced production in the first few years of operation particularly in the start up year of 2014 51 in november 2014 the associated press reported that the facility was producing only about half of its expected annual output the california energy commission issued a statement blaming this on clouds jet contrails and weather 52 performance improved in 2015 to about 650 gwh however nrg energy said in its november quarterly report that ivanpah would likely not meet its contractual obligations to provide power to pg e during the year raising the risk of default on its power purchase agreement 53 pg e had a contract to receive 640 gwh year from units 1 and 3 while sce was supposed to receive 336 gwh from unit 2 45 at a price of about 200 mwh 20 kwh 53 in march 2016 pg e agreed not to declare the plant in default for at least four months in return for an undisclosed sum from the owners 54 in june 2015 the wall street journal reported 15 months after starting up the plant is producing just 40 of its expected more than a million megawatt hours of electricity each year according to data from the u s energy department 55 performance improved dramatically in the second year cleantechnica reported with respect to units 1 and 3 that in 2015 pg e customers received about 97 of ivanpah s contracted electrons which is a massive improvement over its first year 56 by 2017 due to improvements the plant was meeting the contract output requirements 51 the steam plant was designed for 28 72 gross efficiency 6 the local irradiance near the area is about 7 4 kwh m 2 day 57 58 annual average for a total solar energy flow in the visible spectrum of 2 717 mwh m 2 yearly one heliostat mirror is a 75 6 square feet 7 02 m 2 reflecting surface 59 giving a total of 151 2 square feet 14 05 m 2 per heliostat the total plant heliostat reflecting surface results in 173 500 heliostats 14 05 m 2 heliostat 2 437 144 m 2 if the mirrors could always be perpendicular to sun s ray based on irradiance the intercepted solar energy flow is 2 717 mwh m 2 year 2 437 144 m 2 6 621 720 mwh yearly 60 may 2016 fire edit on may 19 2016 a small fire was reported when misaligned mirrors reflected sunlight into a level of unit 3 tower not designed to collect power requiring the tower to shut down for repairs 61 as another of the three power generating units was already offline for scheduled maintenance the plant was left with only one third of its installation functional 61 unit 3 resumed operation on june 8 2016 all three units were back in operation by june 20 2016 solar thermal electricity production in california peaked at 703 mw on that day 62 up from 452 mw on june 7 when two units were offline 63 awards edit in august 2014 ivanpah was given the plant of the year award by power magazine 64 in february 2012 ivanpah was named the csp concentrating solar power project of the year by solar power generation usa 65 environmental impacts edit the ivanpah installation was estimated before operations started to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more than 400 000 tons annually it was designed to minimize impacts on the natural environment compared to some photovoltaic solar facilities because the use of heliostats does not require as much grading of the land 65 the project was built on ecologically intact desert habitat 66 the facility was fenced off to keep out some terrestrial wildlife however birds faced the risk of collision with the heliostat mirrors or from burning in solar flux created by the mirror field 67 68 in 2012 the national parks conservation association npca issued a report on the project citing water concerns damage to visual resources and impacts on important desert species to conserve scarce desert water lpt 550 uses air cooling to convert steam back into water compared to conventional wet cooling this results in a 90 percent reduction in water usage the water is then returned to the boiler in a closed process 27 another potential issue is the effect of mirror glare on airplane pilots 69 additionally the power towers have receiver units at their top on which the mirror fields focus their reflected light during operation these receiver units become extremely hot such that they glow and appear brightly lit because they are high above the ground these glowing receiver units will be a visible distraction to persons at many of the kops key observation points including travelers utilizing i 15 24 according to the state of california energy resources conservation and development commission opening briefs regarding this project the project itself is visually imposing it would cover roughly 4 000 acres 1 600 ha most of which would be covered with mirror fields the panoramic expanse of mirror arrays would present strong textural contrast with the intact natural character of the desert floor and would rise to a height of roughly 459 feet 140 m an additional 10 to 15 feet 3 0 to 4 6 metres above that height would consist of lighting to meet federal aviation administration faa requirements 24 desert tortoise edit the solar power facility under construction in august 2013 the ivanpah solar power project was built on 6 square miles 16 km 2 of public land in the south central mojave desert 70 project construction was temporarily halted in the spring of 2011 due to the suspected impacts on desert tortoises 71 construction resumed when the united states fish and wildlife service usfws found the project was not likely to jeopardize the endangered desert tortoise 72 brightsource also installed fencing to keep wildlife out of the area 73 in 2010 the project was scaled back from the original 440 mw design to avoid building on the habitat of the desert tortoise 19 many desert tortoises found on the site were relocated to other parts of the mojave desert however environmentalists raised concerns that relocated tortoises were more likely to die due to the stresses involved 74 75 birds edit during the trial of the plant in september 2013 thirty four 34 dead birds were found at the plant fifteen had heavily burned feathers which staff at the plant referred to as streamers because they were burned in flight by the intense radiation from the heliostat mirrors 76 from february through june 2014 a team of biologists monitoring the number of bird deaths reported a total of 290 77 in april 2014 the usfws reported that 141 dead birds including peregrine falcon barn owl and yellow rumped warbler had been collected at ivanpah in october 2013 forty seven of the birds deaths were attributed to solar flux 78 according to a report by the associated press ivanpah might act as a mega trap for wildlife with the bright light of the plant attracting insects which in turn attract insect eating birds that fly to their death in the intensely focused light rays 79 bird kill mitigation strategies were considered including proven environmentally safe technologies such as avian radars and lrads to keep birds away from the site covering ponds to discourage waterbirds from loitering and clearing additional land around the plant to make it less attractive and more visible to birds in flight 76 80 81 82 some of the bird deaths occurred when the plant was in standby mode and the mirrors were focused above the tower this issue was resolved by spreading the focus wider below damaging intensity 83 in april 2015 the wall street journal reported that biologists working for the state estimated that 3 500 birds died at ivanpah in the span of a year many of them burned alive while flying through a part of the solar installment where air temperatures can reach 1 000 degrees fahrenheit 540 c 84 in late 2015 brightsource released the results of the first full year monitoring bird and bat deaths at the ivanpah solar plant the company reported that during a year of study supervised by the california division of wildlife the number of observed bird deaths adjusted upward to account for inefficiencies of the carcass counting were around 3 500 bird deaths per year caused by the ivanpah solar plant the ivanpah plant took steps to further reduce bird deaths 85 86 the initial reports of high avian casualties have been disputed ever since initial reports surfaced in september 2014 for example renewable energy world suggested with its claim of 28 000 dead birds from ivanpah the associated press syndicated a story spreading alarm about concentrated solar power csp plants which was not grounded in facts but on one opponent s speculation 87 88 in september 2016 federal biologists said about 6 000 birds die from collisions or immolation annually while chasing flying insects around the facility s towers 89 ivanpah was covered in the 2019 documentary planet of the humans plants edit in addition to impacts on wildlife populations research has examined potential effects on plant genetic diversity near the facility a 2023 population genomics study of mojave milkweed sampled in and around the ivanpah solar electric generating system found clear genetic differentiation among populations over small spatial scales indicating that even plant groups near each other may represent genetically distinct populations the study concluded that land cover changes associated with solar development may affect long term genetic diversity and persistence of sensitive desert plant species 90 production edit ivanpah solar electric production is as follows in megawatt hours mwh ivanpah 1 126 mw gross edit net electricity production all mwh 91 year jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sept oct nov dec sun ng total 2014 5 632 4 460 4 946 9 130 15 879 23 722 12 277 16 807 19 743 17 455 15 993 5 922 151 966 0 151 966 2015 4 448 16 471 20 010 25 281 12 380 25 126 19 575 23 404 21 333 11 813 16 230 13 904 201 075 8 902 209 975 2016 7 599 23 686 18 427 13 284 26 006 32 875 31 796 24 403 26 860 20 616 19 663 10 440 243 479 12 176 255 655 2017 11 310 11 699 12 283 11 656 28 709 34 797 21 742 23 437 24 803 28 777 14 736 15 577 228 136 11 390 239 526 2018 16 881 9 714 18 825 14 019 19 704 36 206 21 400 26 060 29 267 20 173 18 055 12 172 231 142 11 334 242 476 2019 13 784 2 178 13 823 20 270 20 031 32 266 32 026 32 450 24 140 27 333 16 380 8 356 234 681 8 798 243 037 2020 12 350 17 961 14 547 22 355 33 691 30 616 38 060 33 299 27 324 27 041 18 176 9 713 270 941 14 192 285 133 2021 13 103 7 958 19 132 24 609 27 896 23 319 16 988 26 664 24 904 15 777 22 027 12 7...