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xl image coding system part 2 file format 17 part 3 3 october 2022 18181 3 2025 jpeg xl image coding system part 3 conformance testing part 4 5 august 2022 18181 4 2022 jpeg xl image coding system part 4 reference software features edit jpeg xl has features aimed at web delivery such as advanced progressive decoding 58 embedded previews and minimal header overhead as well as features aimed at image editing and digital printing such as multiple layers cmyk and spot colors it also can represent animated images the main features are the following 59 60 61 compression edit lossless encoding for any channel including alpha good for both photographic and synthetic imagery the format features two complementary modes that can be used depending on the image contents computationally efficient encoding and decoding without requiring specialized hardware jpeg xl is about as fast to encode and decode as old jpeg using libjpeg turbo and an order of magnitude faster to encode and decode compared to heic with x265 62 63 it is also parallelizable data reduction edit lossy compression possible through the optional quantization of transform coefficients high image fidelity graceful quality degradation across a large range of bitrates quality loss is not as abrupt as with older formats perceptually optimized reference encoder which uses a perceptual color space and adaptive quantization versatile and future proof size limits edit jpeg xl allows ultra high resolution images up to 1 terapixel with dimensions of over a billion 2 30 1 pixels per side 62 sample precision of up to 32 bits e g for hdr content up to 4099 channels components either one grayscale three rgb or four cmyk main channels the rest of the channels are optional and can be used to store e g alpha for transparency compositing either straight or premultiplied depth or thermal data 62 there can be multiple frames with non zero duration for animation or with zero duration for e g editing layers in graphics software or multi page documents frames can be smaller or larger than the image canvas and can be blended in various ways however regular video codecs are still preferred for encoding realistic moving content jpeg xl has built in capability to use various color spaces transfer curves and high screen brightness it is specifically designed to seamlessly handle wide color gamut color spaces with high dynamic range such as rec 2100 with the pq or hlg transfer function data structuring edit tiles independent coding of sections of a large image by allowing images to be stored in tiles e g for parallelization progressive decoding mode specifically designed for responsive loading of large images depending on the viewing device s resolution upgrade path edit jpeg transcoding being a jpeg superset jxl provides efficient lossless recompression options for images in the traditional legacy jpeg format that can represent jpeg data in a more space efficient way 20 size reduction due to the better entropy coder and can easily be reversed e g on the fly 64 wrapped inside a jpeg xl file stream it can be combined with additional elements e g an alpha channel the format is extensible freedom to use edit royalty free licensing of relevant own intellectual property software patents production ready open source reference implementation available on github under liberal licensing terms 3 clause bsd license 6 technical details edit codec architecture jpeg xl is based on ideas from google s pik format and cloudinary s fuif format which was in turn based on flif 65 the format is mainly based on two encoding modes vardct mode variable blocksize dct it is based from the same dct algorithm as legacy jpeg but blocks instead of being restricted to 8 8 come in various sizes 2 2 up to 256 256 non square shapes e g 16 8 8 32 32 64 or can use another transforms afv hornuss it is only used for the 3 color channels which typically use the xyb color space although ycbcr is also supported in order to recompress legacy jpeg the vardct mode is based on lossy pik lossy modes typically use the xyb color space derived from lms 66 modular mode is responsible among other things for efficient lossless content encoding and also for lossy and near lossless purposes modular can also be used internally in vardct to save 2d data i e everything except the ac high frequency dct coefficients including the dc image which is always a 1 8 subsampled image so also includes low frequency ac coefficients in case block sizes larger than 8 8 are used the weights of adaptive quantization and filter strengths any additional extra channels e g alpha depth thermal spot colors etc are always encoded in the modular mode it was based on fuif combined with elements of lossless pik lossless webp and new ideas that have been developed during the collaborative phase of the standardization process 67 modular mode allows lossy compression with the help of the modified haar transform called squeeze which has progressive properties quality of the image increases with the amount of data loaded one of the ways vardct based images can be loaded more progressively is by saving the dc coefficients in a separate dc frame that uses modular squeeze allowing previews corresponding to 1 16 1 32 etc subsampled images a squeeze transform can also be used to encode the alpha channel progressively together with vardct encoded color channels making both modes work in tandem jpeg xl defaults to a visually near lossless setting that still provides good compression 62 these modes can be assisted by separate modeling of specific image features called splines for coding e g hairs not yet used by the reference encoder repeating patches like text dots or sprites noise synthesis since noise is hard to compress it is better to separate it out and then regenerate it in the decoder this is similar to film grain synthesis in modern video codecs like av1 although jpeg xl s noise synthesis is not aiming to mimick the granularity of analog photographic film but rather to model the photon noise at the pixel level i e those visible with a digital camera at high iso settings jpeg xl codec can losslessly transcode a widely supported subset of jpeg files by directly copying jpeg s dct block coefficients to 8 8 vardct blocks making smaller file sizes possible due to jpeg xl s superior entropy coding this process is reversible and it allows for the original jpeg file to be reconstructed bit for bit although constraints limit support for some files 68 64 prediction is run using a pixel by pixel decorrelator without side information including a parameterized self correcting weighted ensemble of predictors context modeling includes specialized static models and powerful meta adaptive models that take local error into account with a signaled tree structure and predictor selection per context entropy coding is lz77 enabled and can use either asymmetric numeral systems or prefix codes useful for low complexity encoders or reducing the overhead of short streams 60 animated multi frame images do not perform advanced inter frame prediction though some rudimentary inter frame coding tools are available frames can be smaller than the full canvas size leaving other pixels untouched frames support several blending modes in addition to replacing previous frames such as addition or multiplication 69 up to four frames can be remembered and referenced by later frames using the patches coding tool software edit codec implementations edit jpeg xl reference software libjxl screenshot of cjxl encoder jxlinfo file information and djxl decoder command line tools release december 27 2019 6 years ago 2019 12 27 70 stable release 0 12 0 71 1 july 2026 written in c operating system unix like windows license new bsd license previously apache license 2 0 website jpeg org jpegxl repository https github com libjxl libjxl 72 the reference implementation software is called libjxl it is written in c and published on github as free software under the terms of the new bsd license before 2021 the apache license 2 0 it supports unix like operating systems like linux and apple s os family as well as windows systems it is available from the standard software repositories of all major linux and bsd distributions 73 in addition to the eponymous codec library it packages a suite of auxiliary tools like the command line encoder cjxl and decoder djxl the image codec benchmarking tool speed quality benchmark_xl the image comparison tool of perceptual metric ssimulacra2 as well as the gimp and gdk pixbuf plugin file jxl j40 independent self contained jpeg xl decoder 74 license mit license no attribution c99 single header library no dependencies in roman numerals xl denotes 40 hence the name libjxl tiny a simpler encoder implementation of jpeg xl aimed at photographic images without an alpha channel 75 license new bsd license jxlatte java jpeg xl decoder 76 license mit license jxl_decode a python jpeg xl decoder 77 license mit license hydrium fast ultra low memory streaming jpeg xl encoder written in portable c 78 license bsd license jxl oxide small jpeg xl decoder written completely in rust fully conforms to the specification 79 dual license mit license and apache license 2 0 jxl rs jpeg xl decoder written in rust licence bsd 3 clause license an official rust decoder written by the libjxl team has been created called jxl rs this has been added to google chrome v145 but disabled by default firefox 152 also shipped jxl rs on stable behind a runtime support flag 80 jxl encoder jpeg xl encoder written in rust 81 licence agpl 3 0 or later or commercial since april 2023 the libjxl repository includes jpegli an improved jpeg codec that backports applicable new techniques of jpeg xl to the old format offering image quality improvements even for the decoder 82 a separate repository is also created by google after the announcement of jpegli in april 2024 83 84 official software support edit operating systems edit android one ui in samsung galaxy s24 storage capacity in expert raw 85 apple inc 86 ios ipados 17 and later system wide reading including files and photos macos sonoma version 14 and later reading on finder and preview 87 visionos presumed watchos 10 and later linux cosmic desktop environment alpha 3 and later 88 gnome 45 and later gtk via the gdk pixbuf plugin 89 prior to 45 it wasn t supported officially 90 shell used to store the default wallpapers 91 image viewer via the glycin image decoding library 92 epiphany 93 via the webkitgtk engine 94 kde applications can be built with kimageformats plugin with native jpeg xl support 95 this gives most kde apps native support for both read and writing and works with all apps from the dolphin file manager including gwenview image viewer krita digital painting tool and digikam photo manager windows file explorer windows 11 24h2 and later via the official image extension 44 microsoft photos as of version 2025 11030 20006 0 45 graphics editors edit acdsee photo studio reading and writing of jpeg xl images 96 adobe lightroom reading and writing of jpeg xl images 97 adobe photoshop reading and writing of jpeg xl images version 26 8 onwards 98 affinity suite reading and writing of jpeg xl images 99 darktable photography editor faststone image viewer v8 4 and later 100 gimp 3 0 and later 101 imagemagick reading and writing of jpeg xl images 102 graphicsmagick irfanview reading and writing of jpeg xl images krita graphics editor paint net 5 1 5 released on march 11th 2025 and later 103 pixelmator pro read only photomill reading and writing of jpeg xl images version 3 3 onwards pureref supported image format in pureref 2 104 tachiyomi 0 12 1 and later 105 xnview reading and writing of jpeg xl images 106 zoner studio photo and video editing software libraries edit dicom version 2024d introduced jpeg xl as a payload codec 107 ffmpeg library and video conversion application imlib2 of enlightenment efl that many image viewers are based on simple directmedia layer s image loading subsystem vips image processing software package jdeli pure java reading library pillow python image library via the pillow jxl plugin 108 getid3 which powers mediawiki image metadata supports jpeg xl as of v1 9 26 109 services edit amazon photos amazon prime photo storage 110 web browsers edit as of 2026 web browsers that support jpeg xl had 17 market share 111 basilisk v2023 01 07 and later 112 google chrome version 155 113 and later after being behind a flag since version 145 114 115 orion browser pale moon v31 4 0 and later v31 4 1 fixed wrong color of decoded jpeg xl images v31 4 2 fixed jpeg xl s transparency display for images with an alpha channel and v32 0 0 support progressive decoding and animation for jpeg xl 40 safari 17 and later 116 117 via the webkit engine 118 thorium including jpeg xl animations waterfox g5 1 2 119 and later zen browser preliminary web browser support edit firefox added in firefox 152 0 this requires going to settings firefox labs and then clicking a checkbox to enable jpeg xl support 120 shipping to everyone was initially planned to be in 157 0 but it is now going to ship in 158 0 planned for october 2026 121 122 office suites edit libreoffice planned for 27 2 123 unofficial or indirect support edit microsoft windows a 3rd party windows imaging component wic plugin adds viewing to file explorer microsoft photos windows photo viewer and thumbnails and aware apps only on windows 7 10 11 has native support 124 another windows imaging component plugin jxl winthumb 125 macos prior to 14 0 sonoma via a standalone app and a plugin for quick look 126 qt support can be added with the qt jpegxl image plugin 127 jpeg xl encode a php jpeg xl wrapper for the reference implementation 128 rivals edit the main competitor for jpeg xl is avif which is based on the av1 video codec in a heif container jpeg xl beats avif for higher quality images but avif will often outperform jpeg xl on low quality images in low fidelity high appeal compression low quality avif images will smooth out details and hide compression artifacts better making them more visually appealing than jpeg xl images of the same size however it is unclear to what extent this results from inherent properties of the two image formats themselves and to what extent this results from the engineering focus of the available encoders 129 other rival formats include heic hevc video codec in a heif container the primary capture format used by apple devices webp vp8 based 130 video codec in a riff container widely adopted in browsers and supported by many community optimization tools references edit media types iana archived from the original on 2024 03 05 retrieved 2024 03 06 uttypejpegxl apple developer documentation apple jpeg xl format overview github archived from the original on 2022 10 20 retrieved 2022 10 20 1 2 fuif readme md github 2019 04 04 archived from the original on 2021 04 24 1 2 3 iso iec 18181 1 2024 information technology jpeg xl i...