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to provide effective government and their alliance with king charles ii of navarre another claimant to the french throne provoked disunity amongst the nobles consequently the prestige of the french nobility sank to a new low the century had begun poorly for the nobles at courtrai the battle of the golden spurs where they fled the field and left their infantry to be hacked to pieces they were also accused of having given up their king at the battle of poitiers the passage of a law that required the peasants to defend the châteaux that were emblems of their oppression was the immediate cause of the spontaneous uprising 5 the law was particularly resented as many commoners already blamed the nobility for the defeat at poitiers the chronicle of jean de venette articulates the perceived problems between the nobility and the peasants yet some historians such as samuel k cohn see the jacquerie revolts as a reaction to a combination of short and long term effects dating from as early as the grain crisis and famine of 1315 in addition as a result of the temporary lull in hostilities of the hundred years war due to the french defeat at poitiers thousands of soldiers and mercenaries on both sides of the conflict found themselves without commanders or wages many of them responded by forming free companies attacking both military and civilian targets such as castles and villages often to ransom for a profit and engaging in frequent acts of rape looting and murder their ability to do so was exacerbated by the lack of an efficient government authority in many parts of france which left the french peasantry disillusioned with france s nobility that was perceived as failing to meet its feudal obligations 6 uprising edit this combination of problems set the stage for a brief series of bloody rebellions in northern france in 1358 the uprisings began in a village of st leu near the oise river where a group of peasants met to discuss their perception that the nobles had abandoned the king at poitiers they shamed and despoiled the realm and it would be a good thing to destroy them all 3 the account of the rising by the contemporary chronicler jean le bel includes a description of horrifying violence 7 i dare not write the horrible deeds that they did to ladies and damsels among others they slew a knight and then put him on a spit and roasted him at the fire in sight of the lady his wife and children and after that the lady was forced and raped by ten or twelve of them and then they made her eat of her husband and after made her die an evil death with all her children examples of violence on this scale by the french peasants are offered throughout the medieval sources including accounts by jean de venette and jean froissart an aristocrat who was particularly unsympathetic to the peasants among the chroniclers the one sympathetic to their plight is jean de venette sometimes but erroneously known as the continuator of the chronicle of guillaume de nangis 8 jean le bel speculated that governors and tax collectors spread the word of rebellion from village to village to inspire the peasants to rebel against the nobility when asked as to the cause of their discontent they apparently replied that they were just doing what they had witnessed others doing additionally it seems that the rebellion contained some idea that it was possible to rid the world of nobles froissart s account portrays the rebels as mindless savages bent on destruction which they wrought on over 150 noble houses and castles murdering the families in horrific ways the bourgeoisie of beauvais senlis paris amiens and meaux sorely pressed by the court party accepted the jacquerie and the urban underclass were sympathetic 9 village notables often provided leadership for some of the peasant bands although in letters of pardon issued after the suppression of the rising such individuals claimed that they were forced to do so 10 the assassination of étienne marcel the jacquerie must be seen in the context of this period of internal instability at a time of personal government the absence of a charismatic king was detrimental to the still feudal state the dauphin had to contend with roaming free companies of out of work mercenaries the plotting of charles the bad and the possibility of another english invasion the dauphin gained effective control of the realm only after the supposed surrender of the city of paris after the murder of the leader of the estates general étienne marcel prevôt des marchands on 31 july 1358 it is notable that churches were not generally the targets of peasant fury with the possible exception of some clerics in champagne suppression edit the re entry of dauphin charles into paris after the assassination of étienne marcel in an illustration of ca 1455 1460 by jean fouquet in the grandes chroniques de france main article battle of mello the revolt was suppressed by french nobles and gentry led by the dauphin and charles ii of navarre cousin brother in law and mortal enemy of the regent whose throne he was attempting to usurp his army and the peasant force opposed each other near mello on 10 june 1358 when guillaume cale the leader of the rebellion was invited to truce talks by charles he went to the enemy camp where he was seized by the french nobles who considered that the conventions and standards of chivalry did not apply to him he was tortured and decapitated 3 the now leaderless army which froisart claimed to be 100 000 strong in his narrative heavily influenced by chivalric romance was ridden down by divisions of mounted knights in the ensuing battle of mello and in a campaign of terror throughout beauvais knights squires men at arms and mercenaries roamed the countryside lynching peasants defeat of the jacquerie in meaux on 9 june 1358 another major battle transpired at meaux where the fortified citadel was crowded with knights and their dependents on 9 june a band of armed commoners came out of paris under the leadership of etienne marcel to support the rising one contemporary source jacques of froissart wrote that the band was 10 000 in number when the band from paris appeared before meaux they were taken in hospitably by the disaffected townspeople and fed the fortress somewhat apart from the town remained unassailable two captain adventurers returning from the prussian crusade were at châlons gaston iii count of foix and his noble gascon cousin jean iii de grailly the approach of their well armed lancers encouraged the besieged nobles in the fortress and a general rout of the parisian force ensued the nobles then set fire to the suburb nearest the fortress entrapping the burghers in the flames the mayor of meaux and other prominent men of the city were hanged there was a pause and then the force led by the nobles and gentry plundered the city and churches and set fire to meaux which burned for two weeks they then overran the countryside burning cottages and barns and slaughtering all the peasants they could find king charles ii of navarre had the leaders of the jacquerie executed illustration from the chroniques de france ou de st denis dating from after 1380 the reprisals continued through july and august senlis defended itself knights of county of hainaut county of flanders and duchy of brabant joined in the carnage following the declaration of amnesty issued by the regent on 10 august 1358 such heavy fines were assessed upon the regions that had supported the jacquerie that a general flight ensued 11 historian barbara tuchman says like every insurrection of the century it was smashed as soon as the rulers recovered their nerve by weight of steel and the advantages of the man on horseback and the psychological inferiority of the insurgents 3 the slanted but vivid account of froissart can be balanced by the regent s letter of general amnesty a document that comments as severely on the nobles reaction as on the peasants rising and omits the atrocities detailed by froissart it represents the men of the open country assembling spontaneously in various localities in order to deliberate on the means of resisting the english and suddenly as with a mutual agreement turning fiercely on the nobles 9 the jacquerie traumatized the aristocracy in 1872 louis raymond de vericour remarked to the royal historical society to this very day the word jacquerie does not generally give rise to any other idea than that of a bloodthirsty iniquitous groundless revolt of a mass of savages whenever on the continent any agitation takes place however slight and legitimate it may be among the humbler classes innumerable voices in higher privileged wealthy classes proclaim that society is threatened with a jacquerie 12 in the arts edit the contemporary literary chronicles were influenced by other medieval genres romance satire and complaint 13 the subject of the jacquerie engaged the romantic historical imagination resulting in numerous nineteenth century historical novels with somewhat operatic plots set against the backdrop of the jacquerie the jacquerie or the lady and the page an historical romance by g p r james 1842 and the like and even an opera la jacquerie by édouard lalo in charles dickens a tale of two cities the revolutionaries call themselves jacques eugène sue s novel the iron trevet part of sue s mysteries of the people sequence gives a sympathetic account of the jacquerie rebels 14 in thomas love peacock s crotchet castle dr folliott compares a local riot with the jacquerie and expresses nostalgia for that blessed middle period after the jacquerie was down and before the march of mind was up arthur conan doyle s historical novel the white company includes a chapter where the english free company of the title rescue french nobility from peasants of the jacquerie portrayed as savage and brutish the 1961 novel a walk with love and death by hans koningsberger takes place in northern france during the jacquerie the revolt provided the basis for a film of the same name directed by john huston in 1969 a somewhat fictionalized version of the jacquerie is featured in the 1962 blake and mortimer comic album the time trap german progressive rock band eloy s 1975 concept album power and the passion partially takes place in france in 1358 with the jacquerie being an important part of the story the satirical short story the stampeding of lady bastable c 1911 by saki contains the following passage lady bastable was roused from the world of newspaper lore by hearing a japanese screen in the hall go down with a crash then the door leading from the hall flew open and her young guest tore madly through the room shrieked at her in passing the jacquerie they re on us and dashed like an escaping hawk out through the french window the scared mob of servants burst in on his heels the gardener still clutching the sickle with which he had been trimming hedges and the impetus of their headlong haste carried them slipping and sliding over the smooth parquet flooring towards the chair where their mistress sat in panic stricken amazement references edit froissart s date of november 1357 is erroneous the first incidents occurred on 28 may 1358 at saint leu d esserent and neighbouring villages j flammermont la jacquerie en beauvaisis revue historique 9 1879 123 43 firnhaber baker justine 2021 the jacquerie of 1358 a french peasants revolt oxford oxford university press isbn 978 0198856412 1 2 3 4 barbara tuchman a distant mirror alfred a knopf new york 1978 p 155ff the first attestation of the word jacquerie for the revolt comes from a manuscript of 1360 paris archives nationales jj 88 no 43 fol 29v chartre de jacquerie the term jacques for the rebels first appears in a manuscript from october 1358 archives nationales jj 86 no 430 fol 151r it derives from the nickname jacques bonhommes given to common born footsoldiers attested well before the jacquerie see justine firnhaber baker the jacquerie of 1358 a french peasants revolt oxford oxford university press 2021 dommanget maurice 1971 la jacquerie paris f maspero soldiers villagers and politics military violence and the jacquerie of 1358 routiers et mercenaires pendant la guerre de cent ans hommage à jonathan sumption scripta mediævalia ausonius éditions 9 february 2024 pp 101 114 isbn 978 2 35613 574 2 gottfried robert steven 1983 the black death natural and human disaster in medieval europe free press collier macmillan p 100 isbn 978 0 02 912630 1 remarked on by de vericour louis raymond 1872 the jacquerie transactions of the royal historical society 1 302 1 2 vericour 1872 304 firnhaber baker justine 2020 the social constituency of the jacquerie of 1358 speculum a journal of medieval studies 95 3 689 715 doi 10 1086 709361 hdl 10023 23458 s2cid 225085698 via university of chicago press vericourt 1872 309 vericour 1872 296 see for example philippe gabriel eidelberg the great rumanian peasant revolt of 1907 origins of a modern jacquerie leiden 1974 john t alexander emperor of the cossacks pugachev and the frontier jacquerie of 1773 1775 lawrence kansas 1973 serge aberdam and marcel dorigny eds paysans en révolution terre pouvoir et jacquerie 1789 1794 paris 1996 etc these non historical literary aspects of the chronicles were examined by marie thérèse de medeiros jacques et chroniqueurs une étude comparée de récits contemporains relaxant la jacquerie de 1358 paris 1979 the iron trevet deals with the jacquerie revolts and the peasants alliance with the revolutionary bourgeois of paris advertisement for mysteries of the people by eugène sue the new review magazine april 1915 p 245 sources edit j b bury the cambridge medieval history decline of empire and papacy vol vii new york macmillan company 1932 samuel k cohn jr popular protest in late medieval europe manchester manchester university press justine firnhaber baker the jacquerie of 1358 a french peasants revolt oxford oxford university press 2021 jean froissart chronicles london penguin books 1978 v t e hundred years war phases general second war of scottish independence edwardian phase war of the breton succession war of the two peters castilian civil war caroline phase despenser s crusade 1383 1385 crisis lancastrian phase armagnac burgundian conflict leaders english edward iii edward the black prince john of gaunt henry v john of lancaster duke of bedford john talbot 1st earl of shrewsbury richard of york 3rd duke of york william de la pole 1st duke of suffolk french philip vi john ii charles v charles vi charles vii joan of arc major events general battles chevauchées jacquerie battles battle of saint omer battle of crécy battle of poitiers battle of agincourt battle of baugé battle of cravant battle of la brossinière battle of verneuil battle of the herrings battle of jargeau battle of patay battle of formigny battle of castillon v t e peasant revolts in medieval and early modern europe until 1200s bagaudae 284 470s stellinga 841 843 basil the copper hand 928 932 1200s 1300s uprising...