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2 the maha vigai and udumbara prohibitions 4 3 prohibition of alcohol and intoxicants 4 4 fermentation and time dependent purity 4 5 chronobiology and chauvihar 4 6 preparation and filtration 4 7 medicine and pharmaceuticals 5 fasting and dietary asceticism 6 ethics in finance and capital allocation toggle ethics in finance and capital allocation subsection 6 1 negative screening and the 15 forbidden trades 6 2 indigenous banking and parallel systems 6 3 aparigraha and philanthropic capital 7 apparel accessories and footwear toggle apparel accessories and footwear subsection 7 1 leather fur 7 2 traditional silk 7 3 ivory pearls 8 sociological and nutritional perspectives 9 influence on vegetarian cuisines in india toggle influence on vegetarian cuisines in india subsection 9 1 regional culinary innovation 9 2 standardization in modern hospitality 10 comparison with other religions 11 see also 12 notes 13 references toggle references subsection 13 1 citations 13 2 sources 14 external links toggle the table of contents jain vegetarianism 10 languages العربية বাংলা español français हिन्दी मैथिली മലയാളം తెలుగు ไทย 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia set of religion based dietary rules the food choices of jains are based on the value of ahimsa non violence which means jains prefer food that inflicts the least amount of violence part of a series on jainism jains history timeline index food philosophy anekantavada cosmology ahimsa karma dharma mokṣa kevala jnana dravya tattva brahmacarya aparigraha gunasthana saṃsāra ethics ethics of jainism mahavratas major vows ahiṃsā non violence satya truth asteya non stealing brahmacarya chastity aparigraha non possession anuvratas further vows sāmāyika sallekhana jain prayers bhaktamara stotra micchami dukkadam navkar mantra ṇamōkāra mantra jai jinendra major figures the 24 tirthankaras rishabha pārśva mahavira arihant ganadhara kundakunda siddhasenadivākarasuri samantabhadra haribhadra yashovijaya major sects schools and branches digambara śvetāmbara jain literature samayasāra digambara pravachanasara digambara agama śvetāmbara tattvartha sutra dravyasamgraha digambara kalpa sūtra śvetāmbara uttaradhyayana śvetāmbara cīvaka cintāmaṇi silappatikaram valayapathi festivals diwali mahavir janma kalyanak paryushana samvatsari pilgrimages tirth abu palitana girnar shikharji shravanabelagola other ekendriya temples jain flag jain symbols parasparopagraho jivanam topics list religion portal v t e jain vegetarianism is the mandatory spiritually motivated diet practiced by the followers of jainism rooted in the foundational principle of ahimsa nonviolence it is considered one of the most rigorous dietary frameworks on the indian subcontinent the diet strictly prohibits the consumption of meat fish eggs alcoholic beverage and honey furthermore guided by a complex biological taxonomy of senses it restricts the consumption of root and underground vegetables such as potatoes onions garlic and lotus stem to prevent the destruction of microscopic lifeforms nigoda and to avoid uprooting entire plants to further prevent the accidental ingestion of insects and mobile microorganisms trasa jiva the diet additionally forbids fungi mushrooms multi seeded vegetables like brinjal eggplant and plants with tightly packed floral or leafy structures that harbor insects such as cauliflower broccoli and cabbage the traditional dietary baseline is strictly lacto vegetarian with dairy products like milk curd and ghee holding significant culinary and ritual importance however a minority of contemporary practitioners have begun adopting vegan alternatives in response to the mechanized violence of modern commercial dairy farming the theological objective of the diet is to prevent the accumulation of harmful karma which jain philosophy defines as a physical substance that binds to the soul and prevents spiritual liberation moksha jain dietary law emphasizes not only the physical act of non violence dravya himsa but also the absolute necessity of psychological purity and intent bhava himsa consequently practices such as chauvihar fasting after sunset strict water filtration and the temporal management of fermented foods are rigorously implemented to minimize accidental harm to microorganisms the extent of these practices varies between the strict great vows mahavratas of ascetics and the practical lesser vows anuvratas of the laity historically the codification of the jain diet by prominent monastic scholars significantly influenced indian statecraft leading to imperial edicts restricting animal slaughter under dynasties such as the chaulukyas and the mughal empire beyond personal food consumption the ethical principles of the diet extend into a comprehensive socio economic lifestyle traditional jain legal codes prohibit participation in the 15 forbidden trades karmadanas establishing early systems of ethical capital allocation and explicitly banning the use of animal derived apparel such as leather and traditional silk this rigorous adherence to nonviolence has profoundly shaped the broader culinary landscape of india the restrictions on foundational flavor bases like onions and root vegetables drove significant regional culinary innovation particularly in gujarat and rajasthan today the demand for strict adherence to these dietary boundaries has resulted in the standardization of jain food as a formally recognized catering category across major airlines railway networks and international hospitality chains history and origins edit wedding procession of neminatha 22nd jain tirthankara and his renunciation seeing pain of animals kept for slaughter 1 painting in ranila jain temple haryana the historical codification of jain vegetarianism as a universal mandate for the lay community is sociologically anchored in the narrative of neminatha the 22nd tirthankara 2 according to jain tradition prince neminatha abandoned his royal wedding in junagadh upon hearing the cries of captive animals slated to be slaughtered for the wedding feast 2 his renunciation is said to be followed by his meditation at mount girnar 3 his refusal to predicate personal celebration upon animal slaughter served as a defining cultural catalyst 4 scholars identify this event as the foundational charter myth that shifted vegetarianism from an isolated ascetic exercise in self denial into a universal ethical baseline regarding animal welfare for the entire jain community 4 when mahavira revived and reorganized the jain community in the 6th century bce ahimsa was already an established strictly observed rule 5 6 parshvanatha a tirthankara whom modern western historians consider a historical figure 7 8 lived in about the 8th century bce 9 10 and founded a community to which mahavira s parents belonged 11 12 parshvanatha s followers vowed to observe ahimsa this obligation was part of their caujjama dhamma fourfold restraint 13 14 15 8 in the times of mahavira and in the following centuries jains criticized buddhists and followers of the vedic religion or hindus for negligence and inconsistency in the implementation of ahimsa in particular they strongly objected to the vedic tradition of animal sacrifice with subsequent meat eating and to hunting 16 17 18 19 20 21 according to the famous tamil classic tirukkuṛaḷ which is also considered a jain work by some scholars if the world did not purchase and consume meat no one would slaughter and offer meat for sale kural 256 22 widely considered the most revered figure in the digambara monastic lineage kundakunda 1st century bce 1st century ce provided the philosophical engine for the jain diet by rigorously establishing the supremacy of bhava himsa psychological violence or intent 23 in texts such as the samayasāra he argued that physical nonviolence dravya himsa is meaningless without mental purity 23 this philosophical stance codified the jain dietary rule that eating even a plant based food item with the intent or desire to consume meat constitutes a severe karmic violation 23 samantabhadra authored the ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra the earliest and most authoritative digambara manual dedicated exclusively to the conduct of laypeople householders 24 prior to his work the dietary boundaries between strict ascetic fasting and daily lay consumption were fluid 24 samantabhadra explicitly codified the absolute avoidance of the three makaras meat alcohol and honey and the five udumbara figs as the non negotiable fundamental baseline for anyone claiming jain identity 24 amritchandra a 10th century jain monk is the theological architect of the lay jain diet 25 he authored the puruṣārthasiddhyupāya arguably the most important classical manual on lay ethics 25 while earlier texts focused heavily on the extreme vows of monks amritchandra meticulously codified exactly how householders should eat 25 he is the author who explicitly laid down the mechanical logic prohibiting the maha vigai honey alcohol meat and formulated the psychological argument that intoxication destroys the mindfulness required for ahimsa 25 hemachandra a 12th century jain scholar and monk achieved a significant political victory for vegetarianism in indian history 26 he successfully converted king kumarapala of the chaulukya dynasty who ruled present day gujarat and surrounding areas to jainism 26 under hemachandra s guidance king kumarapala issued sweeping imperial edicts amari ghoshana that legally banned the slaughter of animals across his entire kingdom 26 this alliance is historically responsible for cementing gujarat as the geographic epicenter of strict vegetarian cuisine in india 26 in the 16th century the jain monk hiravijaya suri was invited to the court of the mughal emperor akbar 27 through philosophical discussions regarding nonviolence the monk persuaded the emperor to issue imperial edicts farmans that legally enforced animal welfare across the empire 27 these edicts temporarily banned the slaughter of animals for several months of the year prohibited fishing in specific sacred lakes and mandated the release of thousands of caged birds 28 this represents one of the earliest recorded instances of state enforced animal welfare and dietary restrictions at the imperial level in indian history 27 28 poster announcing lecture by virachand gandhi virchand gandhi was the official delegate representing jainism at the first world s parliament of religions in chicago in 1893 29 he was one of the first historical figures to defend jain vegetarianism on a global stage to a western audience 29 gandhi systematically dismantled the contemporary western assumption that vegetarianism led to physical weakness successfully reframing the jain diet in the west as a highly rational scientifically grounded and compassionate lifestyle 29 bringing the digambara ethical framework into the modern era acharya vidyasagar was a prominent advocate for updating ancient dietary strictures to address contemporary industrial challenges 30 he actively campaigned against the modern commercialized dairy industry instructing followers that mechanized milk extraction and the associated cruelty to calves violates ahimsa 30 furthermore he was a primary catalyst behind the modern digambara adoption of ahimsa silk peace silk and handloom cotton urging followers to abandon machine made and animal derived textiles to maintain dietary and lifestyle purity in an industrialized economy 30 some brahmins kashmiri pandits and bengali brahmins have traditionally eaten meat primarily seafood however in regions with strong jain influence such as rajasthan and gujarat or strong jain influence in the past such as karnataka and tamil nadu brahmins are strict vegetarians bal gangadhar tilak has described jainism as the originator of ahimsa he wrote in a letter in ancient times innumerable animals were butchered in sacrifices evidence in support of this is found in various poetic compositions such as the meghaduta but the credit for the disappearance of this terrible massacre from the brahminical religion goes to jainism 31 biological and theological framework edit the jain vegetarian diet is not merely an ethical choice but a mandatory foundational practice rooted in the religion s core metaphysics 2 the diet is understood as the primary daily application of ahimsa non violence which jainism holds as the supreme duty ahimsa paramo dharma this rigorous discipline is considered essential for the soul s liberation moksha 2 ahimsa and karmic matter edit unlike many other religions where karma is an abstract principle jain philosophy defines karma as a subtle physical substance pudgala that clings to the soul jiva according to jain doctrine any act of himsa violence in thought word or action causes these material karmic particles to stick to the soul this karmic bondage bandha obscures the soul s innate purity and consciousness trapping it in the cycle of rebirth saṃsāra the ultimate goal of jainism is to stop the influx āsrava of new karma and shed the old nirjarā therefore the scrupulous avoidance of violence beginning with diet is seen as a matter of spiritual survival and a non negotiable prerequisite for liberation taxonomy of senses edit classification of saṃsāri jīvas transmigrating souls as per jainism jain metaphysics provides a detailed classification of all life forms jiva based on their number of senses indriya this hierarchy determines the karmic cost of harming them with himsa against a higher sensed being incurring a far greater karmic burden 32 five sensed pancha indriya humans animals birds and fish four sensed chatur indriya insects such as bees flies and wasps three sensed tri indriya ants lice and fleas two sensed dvi indriya worms leeches and shellfish one sensed ekendriya these beings possess only the sense of touch and are further divided into plant bodied vanaspati kay water bodied ap kay fire bodied tejas kay air bodied vayu kay earth bodied prithvi kay the jain diet is structured to incur the absolute minimum karmic harm by permitting only the consumption of one sensed plant bodied beings as all other life forms are explicitly forbidden the nigoda doctrine edit the rules for plant consumption are further refined by the doctrine of nigoda which is central to the jain diet nigoda are microscopic one sensed souls that are infinite in number and are believed to exist everywhere especially in soil and root systems 32 jain texts distinguish between two types of one sensed plant beings pratyeka kay one bodied plants these are plants where a single body hosts a single soul fruits vegetables that gro...