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Text of the page (random words):
ed scripts parent systems night writing braille japanese braille child systems two cell chinese braille in conception kantenji japanese braille on a can of asahi super dry beer written sake japanese braille is the braille script of the japanese language it is based on the original braille script though the connection is tenuous in japanese it is known as tenji 点字 literally dot characters it transcribes japanese more or less as it would be written in the hiragana or katakana syllabaries without any provision for writing kanji japanese braille is a vowel based abugida that is the glyphs are syllabic but unlike kana they contain separate symbols for consonant and vowel and the vowel takes primacy the vowels are written in the upper left corner dots 1 2 4 and may be used alone the consonants are written in the lower right corner dots 3 5 6 and cannot occur alone 1 however the semivowel y is indicated by dot 4 one of the vowel dots and the vowel combination is dropped to the bottom of the cell when this dot is written in isolation it indicates that the following syllable has a medial y as in mya syllables beginning with w are indicated by dropping the vowel dots to the bottom of the cell without additional consonant dots 2 braille for kana edit in japanese braille bare vowels are assigned to braille patterns that occupy the upper left half of the cell dots 1 2 4 while the first three vowels are the same as the numerals 1 2 and 3 this pattern does not continue and the cells representing other kana have no apparent connection to international values or numerical order common punctuation marks tend to follow standard international values with several doing double duty with the w series of kana braille beyond the bare vowels all other kana use the vowel series called dan with each gyō consonant series represented either by adding specific dots lowering the dot positions of the dan vowel patterns within the cell or both 3 あ段 a dan い段 i dan う段 u dan え段 e dan お段 o dan あ行 a gyō bare vowels あ a い i う u え e お o か行 ka gyō k dan dot 6 か ka き ki く ku け ke こ ko さ行 sa gyō s dan dots 5 6 さ sa し shi す su せ se そ so た行 ta gyō t dan dots 3 5 た ta ち chi つ tsu て te と to な行 na gyō n dan dot 3 な na に ni ぬ nu ね ne の no は行 ha gyō h dan dots 3 6 は ha ひ hi ふ fu へ he ほ ho ま行 ma gyō m dan dots 3 5 6 ま ma み mi む mu め me も mo ん n や行 ya gyō y dan lowered dot 4 や ya ゆ yu よ yo y ら行 ra gyō r dan dot 5 ら ra り ri る ru れ re ろ ro わ行 wa gyō w dan lowered わ wa ゐ wi ゑ we を wo w the patterns for adding yōon to a mora can be added to the modifiers for dakuten and handakuten as a compound kana modifier and the ya gyō braille series is based on the yōon dot pattern the symbol for ん syllabic n is based on its historical derivation from む mu other symbols edit in kana a small tsu っ called sokuon is used to indicate that the following consonant is geminate and in interjections as a glottal stop in katakana only a long vowel is indicated with a horizontal stroke ー called a chōon this also looks like a half dash in braille 3 sokuon chōon the placement of these blocks mirrors the equivalent kana the sokuon indicates that the following consonant is geminate whereas the chōon indicates that the preceding vowel is long in kana the voiced consonants g z d b are derived from the voiceless consonants k s t h by adding a diacritic called dakuten to the kana as in ぎ gi in foreign words vu is written by adding this to the vowel u similarly p is derived from h by adding a small circle handakuten two kana are fused into a single syllable by writing the second small as in きゃ kya from ki ya this is called yōon 3 in japanese braille the signs for these are prefixes that is the order is dakuten ki for ぎ gi when more than one occurs in a single syllable they are combined in a single prefix block as the yōon dakuten used for ぎゃ gya 3 dakuten voicing handakuten p yōon y yōon dakuten yōon handakuten the yōon prefix uses the dot that represents y in the blocks ya yu yo when placed before ka ku ko it produces kya kyu kyo likewise the yōon dakuten prefix before ka ku ko creates gya gyu gyo and so on for the other consonants the yōon prefix can also be used with the kana from the e row to represent the ye in foreign borrowings that is kye she che nye hye mye rye voiced gye je bye and plosive pye are written with the yōon prefixes plus ke se te ne he me re the syllable ye is written yōon plus e there is also a prefix for medial w called gōyōon when combined with ka it produces the obsolete syllable kwa it may also be fused with the voicing prefix for gwa for foreign borrowings this extends to kwi kwe kwo and gwa gwi gwe gwo gōyōon may also be combined with the vowels i e o for foreign wi we wo now that the w in the original japanese kana for wi we wo is silent with ha hi he ho for fa fi fe fo and when voiced for va vi ve vo and with ta chi te to for tsa tsi tse tso these two prefixes are identical to the question mark and full stop gōyōon w gōyōon dakuten these all parallel usage in kana however there are additional conventions which are unique to braille yōon and yōon dakuten are also added to chi and shi to write ti di and si zi found in foreign borrowings similarly gōyōon and gōyōon dakuten are added to tsu to write tu du this differs from the system used in kana where the base syllables are te and to respectively and a subscript vowel i or u is added in an assignment that is counter intuitive in kana yōon handakuten is prefixed to tsu yu yo to produce tyu fyu fyo in foreign words and voiced for dyu vyu vyo the latter yōon dakuten handakuten is impossible in kana yōon dakuten handakuten orthography edit japanese braille is written as print japanese would be written in kana however there are three discrepancies in print the ubiquitous grammatical particles wa and e have the historical spellings は ha and へ he in braille they are written as they are pronounced wa and e 4 the long ō sound is written with chōon as it would be romanized regardless of whether it is oo or ou in print japanese long ū is also written with a chōon rather than a u this is a common convention in katakana but does not occur in hiragana thus tōkyō sorted as toukyou in dictionaries is nonetheless written and sansū is written spaces are used to separate words though not clauses or sentences where punctuation performs that function thus 今日は朝からよく晴れている is spaced as in its romanization though without separating particles from their nouns kyōwa asakara yoku harete iru spaces are also placed between family and personal names as in 石川倉次 ishikawa kuraji when writing in katakana an interpunct is used for this function in print as in ルイ ブライユ rui buraiyu louis braille punctuation edit besides the punctuation of japanese braille also has symbols to indicate that the following characters are digits or the latin alphabet 3 hyphen space as noted above the space is used between words and also where an interpunct would be used when names are written in katakana there are several additional punctuation marks formatting edit at left japanese print and braille text the embossed text includes non braille lines bullets and an arrow at right an illustration of western digits and letters western letters and digits are indicated as follows digit s latin letter s capital letter an additional sign clarification needed indicates that the following characters are specifically english words and not just in the latin alphabet words immediately follow numbers unless they begin with a vowel or with r because the syllables a i u e o and ra ri ru re ro are homographic with the digits 0 9 a hyphen is inserted to separate them thus 6人 six people 6 nin is written without a hyphen 6nin but 6円 six yen 6 en is written with a hyphen 6 en because would be read as 66n kanji edit there are both a six dot system tenkanji the significantly more common writing system which phonetically transcribes kanji and an eight dot extension of japanese braille kantenji which is less commonly used and aims to preserve the meaning of japanese kanji by depicting the radicals 5 tenkanji is also more similar to how chinese brailles are transcribed notes and references edit an isolated t would be read as wo for example the only exception to restriction is m which when written alone is the syllabic nasal this may be a design feature as historically the syllabic nasal derives from mu except for the syllable wa historic w is silent in modern japanese 1 2 3 4 5 点字を読んでみよう tenji o yonde miyō braille authority of japan retrieved 2012 05 10 this does not mean japanese braille is completely phonetic the grammatical particle を wo which is pronounced o is nonetheless written wo eight dot braille external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to japanese braille the braille authority of japan the standard setting body for braille notation in japan world blind union v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva narain singh maría del carmen ortiz de arce sabriye tenberken william bell wait organisations braille institute of america braille without borders japan braille library national braille association blindness organizations schools for the blind american printing house for the blind other tactile alphabets decapoint moon type new york point night writing vibratese related topics accessible publishing braille literacy robobraille v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classic...