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ental alveolar retroflex alveopalatal palatal velar uvular occlusive nasal m n ɲ ŋ prenasalized ᵐb ⁿd ⁿdz ᶯɖʐ ᶮdʑ ᶮɟ ᵑɡ ᶰɢ voiced b d dz dʐ dʑ ɟ ɡ voiceless p t ts tʂ tɕ c k q aspirated pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʂʰ tɕʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ continuant voiced w l z r ʐ ʑ j ɣ ʁ voiceless ɬ s ʂ ɕ x χ r and ʐ are allophones more precisely pronounced as ɽ͡ʐ the phoneme w has the allophones β and f the phoneme ʁ is realized as an epiglottal fricative in the coda or preceding another consonant the prenasalized consonants are analyzed as units for two reasons first there is a phoneme ɴɢ as in ɴɢoɕna large spider but neither ɴ nor ɢ exist as independent phonemes second there are clusters of fricatives and prenasalized voiced stops as in ʑmbri willow but never clusters of fricatives and prenasalized voiceless stops japhug distinguishes between palatal plosives and velar plosive j sequences as in co valley vs kjo drag these both contrast with alveolo palatal affricates there are at least 339 consonant clusters in japhug jacques 2008 29 more than in old tibetan or in most indo european languages some of these clusters are typologically unusual in addition to the previously mentioned clusters of fricatives and prenasalized stops there are clusters where the first element is a semivowel as in jla hybrid of a yak and a cow vowels edit japhug has eight vowel phonemes a o u ɤ ɯ y e and i the vowel y is attested in only one native word qaɟy fish and its derivatives but appears in chinese loanwords the mid open unrounded vowels ɤ and e are only marginally contrastive ɤ does not occur in word final open syllables except in unaccented clitics like the additive nɤ and e only occurs in the last accented syllable of a word they are clearly contrastive only with the coda t 1 not all speakers of kamnyu japhug have a phoneme y in the native vocabulary even for those speakers it is only attested in the word fish and the verbs derived from it it nevertheless contrasts with ɯ and u as shown by the quasi minimal pairs qaɟy fish waɟɯ earthquake and ɟuli flute other speakers pronounce fish with a medial w as qaɟwi however y is found in the speech of all japhug speakers in chinese loanwords such as 洋芋 yángyù potato 1 grammar edit jacques 2008 is a short grammar and jacques and chen 2010 a text collection with interlinear glosses other studies on morphosyntax include jacques 2010 on direct inverse marking jacques 2012a on valency passive antipassive anticausative lability etc jacques 2012b on incorporation and jacques 2013 on associated motion nouns edit case marking edit japhug lacks case inflection however japhug does have few adverbializing derivations that display functions for oblique cases for example the comitative kɤ́ and perlative reduplication in noun phrases grammatical relations are denoted by following clitics case markers in japhug case markers dative ɯ ɕki ɯ pʰe locative zɯ tɕu ri approximate locative cʰu genitive ɣɯ ergative kɯ instrumental kɯ comitative cʰo cʰondɤre cʰonɤ terminative mɤɕtʂa egressive ɕaŋtaʁ ɕaŋpa ɕaŋlo ɕaŋtʰi ɕaŋkɯ ɕaŋdi number edit japhug lacks grammatical number it has two clitic number determiners dual ni and plural ra both do not have syntactic relationship with noun argument 2 ɯ pi 3sg poss elder sibling ni du ndʑi sroʁ 3du poss life ko ri imperf save tɕe lk ɯ pi ni ndʑi sroʁ ko ri tɕe 3sg poss elder sibling du 3du poss life imperf save lk he saved the life of his two brothers demonstratives edit demonstratives in japhug can be either pronominal or post nominal 3 function proximal singular proximal dual proximal plural distal singular distal dual distal plural medial base form ki kɯni kɯra nɯ nɯnɯni nɯra nɤki reduplicated kɯki kɯkɯni kɯkɯra nɯnɯ nɯnɯni nɯnɯra emphatic ɯkɯki ɯkɯkɯni ɯkɯkɯra ɯnɯnɯ ɯnɯnɯni ɯnɯnɯra noun class marking edit many japhug nouns are prefixed with noun class markers most of which are unproductive 4 class markers in japhug prefix semantics example notes qa animals plants tools materials qa pri snake reduces to χ or ʁ in some words kɯ animals kɯ rtsɤɣ snow leopard reduces to ɣ or x in some words cognate with tibetan g as in གཟིག g zig leopard m body parts tɯ m ke neck cognate with tibetan m as in མགོ m go head ɕ body parts tɯ ɕ krɯt bile appears as ʑ in some words cognate with tibetan s as in སྐེ s ke neck verbs edit overview edit in japhug verbal inflection is overwhelmingly dominated by prefixes though it does support limited suffix slots the japhug verb template can be described as following 5 japhug verb template 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 core 1 2 3 4 mod poss neg am transloc 2 inverse refl caus pass autobenefactive verb stem pst tr 1 2 3 subj obj peg referent indexing edit japhug finite verbs can form agreement with one or two arguments depending on the transitivity of the verb verb indexation can use a combination of prefixes suffixes and stem alternation person indexation in japhug in general have neutral alignment though ergative absolutive alignment can occur patient 1sg 1du 1pl 2sg 2du 2pl 3sg 3du 3pl general agent 1sg ta σ ta σ ndʑi ta σ nɯ σ a σ a ndʑi σ a nɯ 1du ta σ ta σ ndʑi ta σ nɯ σ tɕi σ tɕi σ tɕi 1pl ta σ ta σ ndʑi ta σ nɯ σ ji σ ji σ ji 2sg kɯ σ a kɯ σ tɕi kɯ σ ji tɯ σ tɯ σ tɯ σ 2du kɯ σ a ndʑi kɯ σ tɕi kɯ σ ji tɯ σ ndʑi tɯ σ ndʑi tɯ σ ndʑi 2pl kɯ σ1 a nɯ kɯ σ tɕi kɯ σ ji tɯ σ nɯ tɯ σ nɯ tɯ σ nɯ 3sg wɣɯ́ σ a wɣɯ́ σ tɕi wɣɯ́ σ ji tɯ́ wɣ σ tɯ́ wɣ σ ndʑi tɯ́ wɣ σ nɯ σ ø 3du wɣɯ́ σ a ndʑi wɣɯ́ σ tɕi wɣɯ́ σ ji tɯ́ wɣ σ tɯ́ wɣ σ ndʑi tɯ́ wɣ σ nɯ σ ndʑi 3pl wɣɯ́ σ a nɯ wɣɯ́ σ tɕi wɣɯ́ σ ji tɯ́ wɣ σ tɯ́ wɣ σ ndʑi tɯ́ wɣ σ nɯ σ nɯ general wɣɯ́ σ wɣɯ́ σ ndʑi wɣɯ́ σ nɯ intransitive σ a σ tɕi σ ji tɯ σ tɯ σ ndʑi tɯ σ nɯ σ ø σ ndʑi σ nɯ ma lk tú wɣ ndza ipfv inv eat tɕe lk ɲɯ kɯ z nɯtɯfɕɤl ipfv general s o caus have diarrhea ɕti be aff fact ma tú wɣ ndza tɕe ɲɯ kɯ z nɯtɯfɕɤl ɕti lk ipfv inv eat lk ipfv general s o caus have diarrhea be aff fact if you eat mold it causes you diarrhea noun incorporation edit japhug noun incorporation is attested in denominal derivations the complex verb formed from the prefixation of a noun verb compound has its direction following the head movement with a strong head final tendency the in precedes the verb root a japhug verb can incorporate intransitive subject object and semi object goal location adjunct and instrument indirect objects and transitive subjects are never incorporated into the verb japhug likely has an antipassive ni effect the noun incorporation subject is not marked with the ergative tɤ tɕɯ 3sg poss son ra pl ko ɣɯ cʰɤ tsʰi nɯ imperf denom alcohol drink 3pl subj tɤ tɕɯ ra ko ɣɯ cʰɤ tsʰi nɯ 3sg poss son pl imperf denom alcohol drink 3pl subj the guys drank alcohol references edit 1 2 jacques guillaume 6 april 2021 a grammar of japhug language science press isbn 978 3 96110 305 8 retrieved 19 september 2024 this article incorporates text from this source which is available under the cc by 4 0 license guillaume 2021 367 guillaume 2021 374 375 guillaume 2021 167 169 guillaume 2021 474 sources edit jacques guillaume 2004 phonologie et morphologie du japhug rgyalrong pdf doctoral thesis in french université paris vii jacques guillaume 2007 la réduplication partielle en japhug révélatrice des structures syllabiques faits de langues in french 29 9 21 doi 10 1163 19589514 029 01 900000003 jacques guillaume 向柏霖 chen zhen 陈珍 2007 chábǎohuà de bù jíwù qiánzhuì jí xiāngguān wèntí 茶堡話的不及物前綴及相關問題 an intransitive prefix in japhug rgyalrong and related problems pdf language and linguistics yǔyán jì yǔyánxué in chinese 8 4 883 912 archived from the original pdf on 2021 09 28 retrieved 2021 09 28 jacques guillaume 向柏霖 2008 jiāróngyǔ yánjiū 嘉绒语研究 a study on the gyalrong language in chinese beijing shi minzu chubanshe jacques guillaume 2010 the inverse in japhug rgyalrong language and linguistics 11 1 127 157 jacques guillaume 2012 from denominal derivation to incorporation lingua 122 11 1027 1231 citeseerx 10 1 1 383 1 doi 10 1016 j lingua 2012 05 010 cite journal cite uses deprecated parameter citeseerx help jacques guillaume 2012 argument demotion in japhug rgyalrong in authier gilles haude katharina eds ergativity valency and voice berlin de gruyter mouton pp 199 225 jacques guillaume 2013 ideophones in japhug rgyalrong anthropological linguistics 55 3 256 287 doi 10 1353 anl 2013 0014 s2cid 143579082 jacques guillaume 2013 applicative and tropative derivations in japhug rgyalrong linguistics of the tibeto burman area 36 2 1 13 jacques guillaume 2013 harmonization and disharmonization of affix ordering and basic word order linguistic typology 17 2 187 215 doi 10 1515 lity 2013 0009 s2cid 55555480 jacques guillaume 2014 denominal affixes as sources of antipassive markers in japhug rgyalrong pdf lingua 138 1 22 doi 10 1016 j lingua 2013 09 011 jacques guillaume 2014 clause linking in japhug pdf linguistics of the tibeto burman area 37 2 264 328 doi 10 1075 ltba 37 2 05jac jacques guillaume 2015 the spontaneous autobenefactive prefix in japhug rgyalrong pdf linguistics of the tibeto burman area 38 2 271 291 doi 10 1075 ltba 38 2 08jac jacques guillaume 2015 the origin of the causative prefix in rgyalrong languages and its implication for proto sino tibetan reconstruction pdf folia linguistica historica 36 1 165 198 doi 10 1515 flih 2015 0002 s2cid 151841620 jacques guillaume 2016 subjects objects and relativization in japhug pdf journal of chinese linguistics 44 1 1 28 doi 10 1353 jcl 2016 0005 s2cid 160031499 jacques guillaume 2016 from ergative to index of comparison multiple reanalyses and polyfunctionality diachronica 33 1 1 30 doi 10 1075 dia 33 1 01jac jacques guillaume 2021 a grammar of japhug berlin language science press doi 10 5281 zenodo 4548232 isbn 9783961103058 jacques guillaume chen zhen 2010 une version rgyalrong de l épopée de gesar in french osaka national museum of ethnology lin youjing 林幼菁 luo erwu 罗尔武 2003 chábǎo jiāróngyǔ dàzànghuà de qūxiàng qiánzhuì yǔ dòngcí cígàn de biànhuà 茶堡嘉戎语大藏话的趋向前缀与动词词干的变化 directive prefixes and changes of verb stems in dazang rgyalrong mínzú yǔwén 民族語文 in chinese 2003 4 19 29 v t e sino tibetan languages sinitic chinese mandarin yue hakka min wu hui gan xiang jin pinghua bai cai long caijia longjia luren tibeto burman bodish tibetan central amdo khams dzongkha ladakhi balti lahuli spiti kyirong kagate sherpa jirel east bodish tshangla basum nam burmo qiangic lolo burmese burmish burmese standard intha danu rakhine tavoyan achang lhao vo lashi zaiwa mondzish loloish qiangic gyalrongic ersuic naic greater magaric magaric magar kham chepangic chepang bhujel raji raute dura tandrange naga ao angami pochuri meitei tangkhulic western naga zeliangrong sal boro garo konyak jingpho luish gongduk ʼole kho bwa puroik tani chamdo tujia nungish karenic gong kathu west himalayish tamangic newaric newar baram thangmi kiranti dhimalish dhimal toto lhokpu lepcha karbi kuki chin miju mruic mru hkongso pyu taman bailang proposed groupings central tibeto burman kuki chin naga macro bai mahakiranti rung tibeto kanauri proto languages proto sino tibetan proto tibeto burman proto loloish proto karenic proto min proto hakka italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches v t e na qiangic languages naic namuyi namuyi shixing shixing naish naxi na laze ersuic ersu lizu tosu qiangic qiang northern qiang southern qiang gyalrongic east gyalrongic situ japhug tshobdun zbu west gyalrongic horpa khroskyabs tangut chamdo lamo larong drag yab choyo choyo muya muya pumi pumi zhaba zhaba cross and italics indicate extinct languages v t e languages of china official standard chinese varieties of chinese danzhou mandarin northeastern beijing ji lu jiao liao zhongyuan lan yin jin southwestern sichuanese southeastern gan hakka hui mai min southern hokkien teoswa hainanese eastern puxian central northern shaojiang pinghua shaozhou tuhua shanke wu chu qu jiangshan qingtian quzhou oujiang taihu jinxiang northwestern changzhou hangzhou northern zhejiang ningbo shaoxing su jia hu shanghainese suzhou wuxi taizhou taizhou proper wuzhou jinhua xuanzhou xiang new old yue cantonese regional ars sars cantonese hk mc english hk mongolian nm portuguese mc tibetan xz uyghur xj zhuang gx prefecture hmong kam bouyei tujia korean qiang yi kyrgyz kazakh tai nüa tai lü zaiwa lisu bai hani zhuang counties banners numerous indigenous sino tibetan languages lolo burmese mondzish kathu maang manga mango maza mondzi muangphe burmish achang chashan lashi lhao vo pela xiandao zaiwa loloish hanoish akeu akha amu angluo asuo baihong bisu budu bukong cosao duoni duota enu habei hani honi jino kabie kaduo lami laomian laopin mpi muda nuobi nuomei phana piyo qidi sadu sangkong suobi tsukong woni yiche lisoish eka hlersu kua nsi kuamasi laizisi lalo lamu lavu lawu limi lipo lisu lolopo mangdi micha mili sonaga toloza xuzhang yangliu zibusi nisoish alingpo alugu aluo axi azha azhe bokha gepo khlula lope moji muji muzi nasu nisu nuosu phala phola phowa phukha phuma phupa phupha phuza samei sani thopho zokhuo other gokhy katso kucong lahu naruo namuyi naxi nusu samu sanie zauzou qiangic baima choyo ersu guiqiong horpa japhug khroskyabs laze lizu na muya namuyi naxi pumi northern qiang southern qiang shixing situ tshobdun zbu zhaba tibetic amdo baima basum central tibetan choni dao dongwang drugchu groma gserpa khalong khams kyirong ladakhi tseku zhongu zitsadegu other bai caijia derung jingpo longjia nung tujia waxianghua other languages austroasiatic auva avala bit blang bolyu bugan bumang hu kuan mang man met muak sa aak palaung riang u va northern southern wa hmong mien hmongic a hmao bu nao gejia guiyang hm nai hmong hmu huishui kiong nai luobohe mashan pa hng pa na pingtang qo xiong raojia sanqiao sheyu small flowery xixiu younuo mienic biao min dzao min iu mien kim mun mongolic bonan buryat daur eastern yugur kangjia khamnigan monguor oirat ordos santa torgut kra dai zhuang bouyei dai min ningming nong tai dam tai dón tai hongjin tai lü tai nüa tai ya yang yei other ai cham biao buyang cao miao chadong cun gelao hlai jiamao kam lakkja mak maonan mulam naxi yao ong be paha qabiao sui then tungusic evenki manchu nanai oroqen xibe turkic äynu fuyu kyrgyz ili turki salar western yugur other sarikoli indo european tsat austronesian formosan languages austronesian minority kazakh korean kyrgyz russian esperanto tatar tuvan uzbek vietnamese kinh wakhi creole mixed e hezhou lingling macanese maojia qoqmončaq tangwang wutun extinct ba shu jie khitan old yue rouran saka tangut tocharian tuoba tuyuhun xianbei zhangzhung sign chinese sign hong kong sign tibetan sign gx guangxi hk hong kong mc macau nm inner mongolia xj xinjiang xz tibet 1 jacques guillaume a grammar of japhug zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 16811879 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title japhug_language oldid 1364835110 categories qiangic languages languages of sichuan non tonal languages in tonal families hidden categories articles with short description short description is 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