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e on quantum mechanics 5 exhibitions students and later work 6 legacy 7 gallery 8 press articles 9 catalogue raisonné 10 commemoration 11 art market 12 partial list of works 13 publications 14 museum collections 15 references 16 external links toggle the table of contents jean metzinger 31 languages العربية беларуская català čeština dansk deutsch esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی français עברית magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål polski português română русский svenska தமிழ் türkçe українська اردو 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia french painter and writer 1883 1956 jean metzinger metzinger before 1913 born jean dominique antony metzinger 1883 06 24 24 june 1883 nantes france died 3 november 1956 1956 11 03 aged 73 paris france education école des beaux arts nantes known for painting drawing writing poetry notable work two nudes in an exotic landscape 1905 06 coucher de soleil no 1 1905 06 la danse bacchante c 1906 nu à la cheminée 1910 le goûter tea time 1911 la femme au cheval 1911 12 dancer in a café 1912 l oiseau bleu 1912 13 en canot 1913 movement neo impressionism divisionism fauvism cubism website jeanmetzinger art jean dominique antony metzinger french mɛtsɛ̃ʒe 24 june 1883 3 november 1956 was a major 20th century french painter theorist writer critic and poet who along with albert gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on cubism 1 2 3 4 5 his earliest works from 1900 to 1904 were influenced by the neo impressionism of georges seurat and henri edmond cross between 1904 and 1907 metzinger worked in the divisionist and fauvist styles with a strong cézannian component leading to some of the first proto cubist works from 1908 metzinger experimented with the faceting of form a style that would soon become known as cubism his early involvement in cubism saw him both as an influential artist and an important theorist of the movement the idea of moving around an object in order to see it from different view points is treated for the first time in metzinger s note sur la peinture published in 1910 6 before the emergence of cubism painters worked from the limiting factor of a single view point metzinger for the first time in note sur la peinture enunciated the interest in representing objects as remembered from successive and subjective experiences within the context of both space and time jean metzinger and albert gleizes wrote the first major treatise on cubism in 1912 entitled du cubisme metzinger was a founding member of the section d or group of artists metzinger was at the center of cubism both because of his participation and identification of the movement when it first emerged because of his role as intermediary among the bateau lavoir group and the section d or cubists and above all because of his artistic personality 7 during the first world war metzinger furthered his role as a leading cubist with his co founding of the second phase of the movement referred to as crystal cubism he recognized the importance of mathematics in art through a radical geometrization of form as an underlying architectural basis for his wartime compositions the establishing of the basis of this new perspective and the principles upon which an essentially non representational art could be built led to la peinture et ses lois painting and its laws written by albert gleizes in 1922 23 as post war reconstruction began a series of exhibitions at léonce rosenberg s galerie de l effort moderne were to highlight order and allegiance to the aesthetically pure the collective phenomenon of cubism now in its advanced revisionist form became part of a widely discussed development in french culture with metzinger at its helm crystal cubism was the culmination of a continuous narrowing of scope in the name of a return to order based upon the observation of the artist s relation to nature rather than on the nature of reality itself in terms of the separation of culture and life this period emerges as the most important in the history of modernism 8 for metzinger the classical vision had been an incomplete representation of real things based on an incomplete set of laws postulates and theorems he believed the world was dynamic and changing in time appearing different depending on the observer s point of view each of these viewpoints was equally valid according to underlying symmetries inherent in nature for inspiration niels bohr the danish physicist and one of the founders of quantum mechanics hung in his office a large painting by metzinger la femme au cheval 9 a conspicuous early example of mobile perspective implementation also called simultaneity 10 early life edit jean metzinger 1912 danseuse au café dancer in a café oil on canvas 146 1 x 114 3 cm albright knox art gallery buffalo new york published in au salon d automne les indépendants 1912 exhibited at the 1912 salon d automne jean metzinger came from a prominent military family his great grandfather nicolas metzinger 18 may 1769 1838 11 captain in the 1st horse artillery regiment and chevalier of the legion of honour had served under napoleon bonaparte 12 a street in the sixième arrondissement of nantes rue metzinger was named after jean s grandfather charles henri metzinger 10 may 1814 13 following the early death of his father eugène françois metzinger jean pursued interests in mathematics music and painting though his mother a music professor by the name of eugénie louise argoud had ambitions of his becoming a medical doctor 14 jean s younger brother maurice born 24 oct 1885 became a musician excelling as a cellist 14 by 1900 metzinger was studying painting under hippolyte touront a well known portrait painter who taught an academic conventional style of painting 14 metzinger however was interested in the current trends in painting 15 metzinger sent seven paintings to the salon des indépendants in 1903 and subsequently moved to paris with the proceeds from their sale from the age of 20 metzinger supported himself as a professional painter he exhibited regularly in paris from 1903 taking part in a group show with raoul dufy lejeune and torent from 19 january 22 february 1903 at the gallery run by berthe weill with another show november 1903 1 metzinger exhibited at weill s gallery 23 november 21 december 1905 and again 14 january 10 february 1907 with robert delaunay in 1908 6 31 january with andré derain fernand léger and pablo picasso and 28 april 28 may 1910 with derain georges rouault and kees van dongen he exhibited again at weill s gallery 17 january 1 february 1913 march 1913 june 1914 and february 1921 16 it is at berthe weill s that he met max jacob for the first time 14 berthe weill was the first parisian art dealer to sell works of picasso 1906 along with picasso and metzinger she promoted matisse derain amedeo modigliani and maurice utrillo 17 in 1904 metzinger exhibited six paintings in the divisionist style at the salon des indépendants and the salon d automne 18 where he showed regularly throughout the crucial years of cubism 19 jean metzinger c 1905 baigneuses deux nus dans un jardin exotique two nudes in an exotic landscape oil on canvas 116 x 88 8 cm thyssen bornemisza museum madrid 20 21 in 1905 metzinger exhibited eight paintings at salon des indépendants 22 in this exhibition metzinger is directly associated with the artists soon to be known as fauves camoin delaunay derain van dongen dufy friesz manguin marquet matisse valtat vlaminck and others matisse was in charge of the hanging committee assisted by metzinger bonnard camoin laprade luce manguin marquet puy and vallotton 23 in 1906 metzinger exhibited at the salon des indépendants 24 once again he was elected member of the hanging committee with matisse signac and others again with the fauves and associated artists metzinger exhibited at the 1906 salon d automne paris he exhibited six works at the 1907 salon des indépendants followed by the presentation of two works at the 1907 salon d automne 23 25 in 1906 metzinger met albert gleizes at the salon des indépendants and visited his studio in courbevoie several days later in 1907 at max jacob s room metzinger met guillaume krotowsky who already signed his works guillaume apollinaire in 1908 a poem by metzinger parole sur la lune was published in guillaume apollinaire s la poésie symboliste 26 after a brief period aligned with a small circle of fauve artists from 1905 to 1907 experimenting with a bold chromatic palette and dynamic brushwork he produced an intensely expressionistic brand of proto cubism from 1907 to 1908 which by 1909 crystallized into a fully articulated cubist vision it was metzinger who first pronounced the dynamic pictorial and theoretical underpinnings of cubism the notion that artists could physically move around their subject capturing temporally successive viewpoints and synthesizing them into a single multifaceted total image metzinger developed the concept of mobile perspective in 1909 and 1910 while further elaborating on the principle in 1911 and culminating in 1912 central to this theory was the notion that classical perspective was insufficient to represent the true nature of reality instead metzinger sought to capture multiple dimensions simultaneously not merely depicting physical space but also invoking an additional unseen fourth dimension a reflection or apparition of the internal attributes of consciousness the spirit and the imperceptible forces shaping perception 1 from 21 december 1908 to 15 january 1909 metzinger exhibited at the gallery of wilhelm uhde rue notre dame des champs paris with georges braque sonia delaunay andré derain raoul dufy auguste herbin jules pascin and pablo picasso 27 1908 continued with the salon de la toison d or moscow metzinger exhibited five paintings with braque derain van dongen friesz manguin marquet matisse puy valtat and others at the 1909 salon d automne metzinger exhibited alongside constantin brâncuși henri le fauconnier and fernand léger 23 jean metzinger married lucie soubiron in paris on 30 december of the same year 17 neo impressionism divisionism edit jean metzinger ca 1906 coucher de soleil no 1 landscape oil on canvas 72 5 x 100 cm kröller müller museum otterlo netherlands by 1903 metzinger was a keen participant in the neo impressionist revival led by henri edmond cross by 1904 05 metzinger began to favor the abstract qualities of larger brushstrokes and vivid colors following the lead of seurat and cross he began incorporating a new geometry into his works that would free him from the confines of nature as much as any artwork executed in europe to date 28 the departure from naturalism had only just begun metzinger along with derain delaunay matisse between 1905 and 1910 helped revivify neo impressionism albeit in a highly altered form in 1906 metzinger had acquired enough prestige to be elected to the hanging committee of the salon des indépendants he formed a close friendship at this time with robert delaunay with whom he shared an exhibition at berthe weill early in 1907 the two of them were singled out by one critic louis vauxcelles in 1907 as divisionists who used large mosaic like cubes to construct small but highly symbolic compositions 29 robert herbert writes metzinger s neo impressionist period was somewhat longer than that of his close friend delaunay at the indépendants in 1905 his paintings were already regarded as in the neo impressionist tradition by contemporary critics and he apparently continued to paint in large mosaic strokes until some time in 1908 the height of his neo impressionist work was in 1906 and 1907 when he and delaunay did portraits of each other art market london and museum of fine arts houston in prominent rectangles of pigment in the sky of coucher de soleil 1906 1907 collection rijksmuseum kröller müller is the solar disk which delaunay was later to make into a personal emblem 30 31 jean metzinger 1906 la danse bacchante oil on canvas 73 x 54 cm kröller müller museum at the outbreak of world war i this painting from the collection of wilhelm uhde was confiscated by the french state and sold at hôtel drouot in 1921 32 the vibrating image of the sun in metzinger s painting and so too of delaunay s paysage au disque 1906 1907 is an homage to the decomposition of spectral light that lay at the heart of neo impressionist color theory 30 33 34 jean metzinger s mosaic like divisionist technique had its parallel in literature a characteristic of the alliance between symbolist writers and neo impressionist artists i ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting i make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables i use strokes which variable in quantity cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature jean metzinger circa 1907 35 jean metzinger 1907 paysage coloré aux oiseaux aquatiques oil on canvas 74 x 99 cm musée d art moderne de paris robert herbert interprets metzinger s statement what metzinger meant is that each little tile of pigment has two lives it exists as a plane whose mere size and direction are fundamental to the rhythm of the painting and secondly it also has color which can vary independently of size and placement this is only a degree beyond the preoccupations of signac and cross but an important one writing in 1906 louis chassevent 36 recognized the difference and as daniel robbins pointed out in his gleizes catalogue used the word cube which later would be taken up by louis vauxcelles to baptize cubism m metzinger is a mosaicist like m signac but he brings more precision to the cutting of his cubes of color which appear to have been made mechanically the interesting history of the word cube goes back at least to may 1901 when jean béral reviewing cross s work at the indépendants in art et littérature commented that he uses a large and square pointillism giving the impression of mosaic one even wonders why the artist has not used cubes of solid matter diversely colored they would make pretty revetments 30 metzinger followed closely by delaunay the two often painting together 1906 07 developed a new sub style that had great significance shortly thereafter within the context of their cubist works piet mondrian in the netherlands developed a similar mosaic like divisionist technique circa 1909 the futurists later 1909 1916 would adapt the style thanks to gino severini s parisian experience from 1907 onwa...