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tz yisraeli lit office for the land of israel of the zionist organization zo in ottoman controlled palestine it was headed by arthur ruppin and was founded as the operational branch of the zo 16 with its main tasks being to represent the jews of ottoman palestine in dealings with the sultan and other foreign dignitaries to aid jewish immigration and to buy land for jewish communities to settle in citation needed jewish immigrants of the second aliyah 1912 the palestine office was established under the inspiration of theodor herzl s vision for a solution to the jewish question the issue of anti semitism and the place of jews in the world citation needed in his pamphlet the jewish state herzl envisioned the jewish people settled as an independent nation on its own land taking its place among the other nation states of the world citation needed the palestine office which eventually became the jewish agency was based upon herzl s organizational ideas for how to bring a jewish state into being 17 better source needed the influx of jews during the second aliyah 1904 1914 made the purchase of land particularly urgent citation needed with the aid of the jewish national fund jnf hebrew קֶרֶן קַיֶּימֶת לְיִשְׂרָאֵל keren kayemet l yisrael the palestine office bought land for newcomers in two locations chavat kinneret near the sea of galilee and kibbutz ruhama near sderot of today citation needed kibbutz ruhama was specifically designated for russian jews from the second aliyah over the following decades the palestine office established hundreds more moshavim and kibbutzim 18 and continued to purchase land together with the jnf citation needed with the outbreak of world war i the anticipated disintegration of the ottoman empire raised hopes among zionists for increased jewish immigration and eventual sovereignty in palestine citation needed in 1917 the united kingdom captured jerusalem from the ottomans and in 1918 pushed the ottomans out of the levant entirely 19 and the region fell under british military rule after world war i the ottoman empire is dissolved and the league of nations create plans for the administration of former ottoman territory 20 chaim weizmann founder and director of the zionist commission a precursor of the jewish agency leader of the zionist organization and first president of the state of israel following the promulgation of the balfour declaration in which the british government promised to facilitate the establishment of a jewish national home in the region 21 dr chaim weizmann president of the british zionist federation formed the zionist commission in march 1918 to go to palestine and make recommendations to the british government 22 the commission reached palestine on 14 april 1918 and proceeded to study conditions and to report to the british government 23 weizmann was instrumental in restructuring the zo s palestine office into departments for agriculture settlement education land finance immigration and statistics citation needed the zionist organization s palestine office was merged into the zionist commission when headed by chaim weizmann 24 the front page of the mandate for palestine and transjordan memorandum presented to uk parliament in december 1922 prior to it coming into force in 1923 the british control of the region lasted until 1948 on 25 april 1920 the principal allied powers agreed at the san remo conference on the temporary administration of ottoman territories by the victorious powers and assigned palestine transjordan and iraq as mandates to britain 20 the league of nations formally approved these mandates in 1922 25 with the balfour declaration and the requirement to create a jewish national homeland being incorporated into the britain s mandate for palestine 15 article 4 of the mandate provided for the recognition of an appropriate jewish agency as a public body for the purpose of advising and co operating with the administration of palestine in such economic social and other matters as may affect the establishment of the jewish national home and the interests of the jewish population of palestine 15 26 zionism p 76 in november 1921 the zionist commission became the palestine zionist executive and was designated as the jewish agency for the purpose of article 4 of the league of nation s palestine mandate 13 27 in 1921 ze ev jabotinsky was elected to the executive but he resigned in 1923 accusing weizmann of not being vigorous enough with the mandatory government other issues between the revisionists and the agency were the distribution of entry permits weizmann s support for the zionist labour movement and the proposal to expand the agency citation needed the revisionists broke completely with agency in 1935 but rejoined zo in 1947 citation needed in 1951 the zo ja included all zionist organizations except herut 28 the palestine zionist executive was charged with carrying out the duties of the zo s former land of israel office namely facilitating jewish immigration land purchases for jewish communities and planning the general policies of the zionist leadership it ran schools and hospitals and formed a defence force the haganah citation needed chaim weizmann was the leader of both the world zionist organization and the palestine zionist executive until 1929 jewish agency for palestine 1929 1948 palestine immigrant certificate issued in warsaw 16 9 1935 by the jewish agency in 1929 the 16th zionist congress decided to restructure and the rename the palestine zionist executive as the jewish agency for palestine 29 30 in reference to its role as the jewish agency required by article 4 of the league of nations mandate 14 the new jewish agency was larger to accommodate the growing logistical task of managing the yishuv and also included mandatory representation from non zionist jewish organizations the change was chaim weizmann s initiative and was established on the principle of parity between zionist and non zionist jews working together in the building of a jewish national home 26 142 the 16th zionist congress determined that in the event of the future dissolution of the agency the world zionist organization would replace it as representative of the jews for the purpose of the mandate 31 weizmann was criticized for being too pro british citation needed when the 1930 white paper was published recommending restricting jewish immigration his position became untenable and he resigned from the zo and the jewish agency citation needed he protested that the british had betrayed their commitment expressed in the balfour declaration and that he could no longer work with them 32 better source needed nahum sokolow who had been elected to succeed weizmann remained in his position citation needed arthur ruppin succeeded sokolow as chairman of the jewish agency in 1933 and david ben gurion and moshe shertok joined the executive in 1935 ben gurion was elected chairman of the agency to succeed ruppin 33 in 1937 the peel commission published its report into the disturbances of the year before for the first time partition was recommended citation needed the 20th zionist congress meeting in 1937 hotly debates the peel commission and the topic of partition 34 in a compromise the congress rejected the commission s conclusions demanding a full realization of the requirements of the mandate namely the establishment of a jewish national home throughout mandatory palestine 35 34 however in a sign of reluctant openness to partition the congress also voted to authorize the executive to enter into negotiations with a view to ascertaining the precise terms of his majesty s government for the proposed establishment of a jewish state 35 34 this decision revealed differences within the jewish agency with some of the non zionist faction disagreeing with the decision and some calling for a conference of jews and arabs 26 107 108 non zionist representation the new body was larger and was required by its constitution for half of the members of its governing bodies to be made up of jewish non zionist individuals and organizations 36 many of the organizations were philanthropic rather than political and while they were interested in jewish immigration to the yishuv many opposed talk of a jewish state 26 76 there was strong opposition within the zo when the idea of enlargement of the board of governors of the jewish agency was first raised in 1924 to include non zionist jews but the idea was accepted by the zionist congress in 1927 37 even though non zionists took part in the agency it was still closely tied to the zionist organization the president of the zo served as the chair of the executive council and the assembly of the jewish agency and the half of its membership that was designated for zionists was selected by the zo 36 the two bodies cooperated closely 38 31 those participating included sholem asch h n bialik leon blum albert einstein immanuel löw lord melchett and herbert samuel 26 104 165 175 249 american non zionists received 44 of the 112 seats allotted to non zionists 26 213 the british board of deputies joined as a constituent body 26 168 david ben gurion was chairman of the executive of the jewish agency from 1935 to 1948 upon the founding of the state of israel he left his position to become the first prime minister of the state in 1947 the last non zionist member of the jewish agency werner senator resigned 26 142 and while the 50 percent participation of non zionists in the agency before had not worked in practice the jewish agency and the world zionist organization now became de facto identical 39 organization from 1929 to 1948 the jewish agency was organized into four departments the government department performing foreign relations on behalf of the jewish community of palestine the security department the aliyah department and the education department the jewish agency executive included david ben gurion as chairman and rabbi yehuda leib maimon and yitzhak gruenbaum among others the jewish agency was and is still housed in a fortress like building in the rehavia neighborhood of jerusalem 40 the land for the rehavia neighborhood had been purchased in 1922 by the palestine land development corporation 41 and construction of the jewish agency headquarters was paid for by the zo the three winged structure with a large open courtyard was designed by yochanan rattner 41 along with the jewish agency it also houses the headquarters of the jnf and keren hayesod united israel appeal bombing main article 1948 jewish agency bombing on march 11 1948 a bomb planted in the courtyard of the building by arab militants killed 13 and wounded many others 42 the keren hayesod wing was completely destroyed 43 leib yaffe director general of keren hayesod was among those killed in the bombing 44 offices of the jewish agency in jerusalem following car bomb 11 march 1948 the building continues to serve as the headquarters of the jewish agency as of 2019 another building kiriyat moria is located in southern east jerusalem armon hanatziv ha askan 3 the organization also has satellite sites worldwide pre state immigration and settlement 1934 1948 throughout the years 1934 1948 in a phenomenon known as the ha apala ascension the jewish agency facilitated clandestine immigration beyond the british quotas in 1938 it established hamosad lealiyah bet המוסד לעלייה ב lit institution for immigration b which took charge of the effort overall in these years the agency in partnership with other organizations helped over 150 000 people in their attempt to enter palestine organizing a total of 141 voyages on 116 ships 45 the potential immigrants were jews fleeing the holocaust and after the war refugees from displaced persons camps who sought a home in palestine most of the ma apilim ships of the ha apala movement were intercepted by the british but a few thousand jews did manage to slip past the authorities the operation as a whole also helped to unify the long standing jewish community in palestine as well as the newcomer jewish refugees from europe 46 recha freier founder of youth aliyah circa 1964 youth aliyah saved more than 5 000 young european jews by bringing them to palestine in the years preceding the holocaust in these years the agency made use of the tower and stockade hebrew חומה ומגדל method to establish dozens of new jewish settlements literally overnight without obtaining permission from the mandate authorities these settlements were built on land purchased by the jnf and relied on an ottoman law stating that any building with a full roof could not be torn down 47 in 1933 the jewish agency negotiated a ha avara transfer agreement with nazi germany under which approximately 50 000 german jews were allowed to immigrate to palestine and retain some of their assets as german export goods 48 better source needed in 1943 the jewish agency s henrietta szold joined recha freier in developing the youth aliyah program which between 1933 and 1948 rescued more 5 000 young jews from europe brought them to palestine and educated them in special boarding schools 49 50 according to professor dvora hacohen between 1933 and 2011 the youth aliyah movement helped over 300 000 young people make aliyah 50 when world war ii broke out the jewish agency established a committee to aid european jewry by finding them entry permits to palestine sending them food and maintaining contact the agency also helped recruit 40 000 members of the palestinian jewish community a full 8 percent of the jewish population of palestine to be trained by the british military and aid in the allies struggle against the nazis most served in the middle east and africa but some served behind enemy lines in europe among them a group of 32 parachutists that included hannah szenes in total 800 were killed in their efforts 51 survivors of the buchenwald concentration camp arriving in palestine in 1945 since their immigration was illegal they were arrested by the british when world war ii ended the agency continued to aid illegal immigration to palestine through hamossad lealiyah bet in an effort known as the bricha between 1945 and 1948 the jewish agency sent 66 ships of refugees to palestine 52 most were intercepted by british authorities who placed the illegal immigrants who had just survived the holocaust in detention camps in palestine and later in cyprus only with the establishment of the state of israel were the detainees allowed to enter the country 53 resistance and formation of israel s first government david ben gurion chairman of the jewish agency declaring the establishment of the state of israel in tel aviv may 14 1948 ben gurion became israel s first prime minister frustrated with the united kingdom s continued anti zionist stance the jewish agency helped put together an agreement signed by the hagannah the irgun and the lehi to form a united resistance movement against the british 54 better source needed in 1946 british troops raided jewish agency head...