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he fall of chichen itza the abandonment of puuc chenes rio bec and how mexican influences were becoming stronger according to thompson the mexican period marked a decline in maya civilization and ceramic styles due to conflict between mesoamerican polities he postulated that this era saw an end to hieroglyphic texts and increased worship of mexican cosmology in place of maya deities the architectural styles were a mix of tula and maya features he also claimed that the mexican absorption period 1204 a d to 1540 was characterized by the abandonment of most major cities and that artistic innovations only were produced at low levels 7 although thompson has contributed a considerable amount of research to mesoamerican studies some of his interpretations have proven to be flawed or inconsistent with new investigations he maintained a venerable air of dissent in the archaeological community archaeologist jeremiah epstein posed that thompson was wrong in his characterization of the maya water transportation he may have based his analysis on misinterpreted spanish translations of the motul maya word for sail bub is a 16th century spanish interpretation but may characterize spanish vessels as opposed to maya sails are not represented in prehistoric mesoamerican iconography or texts instead it is theorized that canoes were used as a primary mode of water transportation for the ancient maya in fact the only place where sails allegedly appear to be represented in prehistoric contexts are in graffiti at tikal however further research poses that the illustration does not depict sails since there is no supplemental evidence of marine life or water sources 191 in addition maya numerous texts make no historical references to sails they may not have been very utilitarian for the maya instead the overwhelming majority of sources refer to canoes it appears that thompson did not consider a post conquest context for sails 8 another author matthew watson portrays thompson as a significant figure in mesoamerican studies however in conjunction with bruno latour the author believes that the famous mayanist along with merle greene robertson and linda schele used specific techniques known as mechanical objectivity and trained judgement which essentially reduces the diversity of maya artistic traditions to that of modernist texts this approach ignores a context driven archaeological empiricism adding to thompson s many biased assumptions about how the ancient maya lived 9 moreover archaeologist traci ardren feels that thompson appeared to have made the mistake of conflating or merging several cosmological entities into one he famously misinterpreted the maya moon goddess ix chel basing his research again on mistranslated spanish texts he believed as modern maya do now that the moon goddess is the wife of the sun god ardren s article claims thompson interpreted the different glyphic phrases or names associated with the younger set as various tides for the same goddess a deity he had already assumed to represent the moon ardren recognizes that the concept an all encompassing unifying female entity is directly influenced by western philosophical movements and androcentric bias 10 in tandem with other critics marshall j becker 1979 reviews thompson s assumptions about classic maya settlement patterns and social structure and how his influence affected later theories regarding complexity in mesoamerican culture his article describes scholars such as gann who critiqued thompson s work gann and thompson would later coauthor a text in which thompson stated his popularized idea that the maya lived in small agricultural settlements while the religious centers were uninhabited while gann suggested just the opposite this divergence from the complex model however only appeared in thompson s popular work furthermore becker characterizes more modern research as integrative enabling studies to connect emerging insights about maya urbanization complexity with supportive archaeological evidence becker concludes that thompson s research was both incomplete and incorrect however contemporary research is fighting to correct false claims in conjunction with other disciplines the article distinguishes between two major theoretical concepts that dominated maya archaeology for decades thompson s priest peasant hypothesis and borgheyi s concept of ranked social classes becker deconstructs thompson s biased narratives considering them to be a product of thompson s english heritage and socio political orientation which he later projected on to his research borgheyi s hypothesis is considered as more indicative of what maya society might actually be like as opposed to thompson whose claims were generally viewed as unfounded additionally becker mentions how defining limits often creates interpretive issues for scholars it is an important observation in a whole range of archaeological settings still affecting research today 11 unfortunately thompson s assumptions about maya elites were misguided husband and wife archaeologist team chase and chase discusses the significance of the caracol archaeological project which celebrated its 30th consecutive year of field research in 2014 their research reveals the inconsistent interpretations of past mayanists like thompson thompson proposed that the maya socially organized themselves around a two tiered class system a view prescribed by harvard academic traditions as of current caracol is recognized as being essential to evaluating urbanization and large scale organization of maya cities representing the penn state academic tradition chase and chase specifically describe how upon their initial arrival at the site two theoretical frameworks supported by thompson and borgheyi dominated caracol but were later rejected because of evidence stemming from long term research the authors found that divisions between elites and lower classes were not as stark or simple as previously suggested moreover there is evidence for a prominent middle class which thompson did not consider ultimately thompson did not have access to accurate population estimates or complete maps of settlement patterns making it difficult for him to assess realistically the organizational principles of the maya 12 nonetheless the mayanist knew the limitations of archaeological research one of thompson s later articles estimates of maya population deranging factors is an attempt to identify deranging factors for population estimates of the ancient maya determining population sizes is still an issue that plagues archaeologists 214 he drew attention to the ancient maya tendency to abandon a hut after the death of its owner which may invariably skew population estimates additionally thompson wrote about the mobilizing capabilities of the ancient maya and their long standing tradition of moving from site to site in order to exploit local resources using the modern maya as an example he urged other archaeologists to consider hut abandonment and movement as major issues in fact determining whether or not a site is continuously occupied is still a huge part of archaeological limits today moreover thompson contended that house moving was not a major issue for the maya since building materials were abundant 215 in his conclusion he felt that mounds also may be an indication of decreased population sizes and a time of growing unrest 13 thompson s focus on the non calendric hieroglyphs produced the monumental carnegie monograph maya hieroglyphic writing introduction 2 thompson did groundbreaking work in the deciphering of maya hieroglyphics notably his contributions to the field of maya epigraphic studies included advancements in our understanding of the calendar and astronomy the identification of new nouns and the development of a numerical cataloguing system for the glyphs the t number system which are still used today citation needed his attempted decipherments were based on ideographic rather than linguistic principles and he was a staunch critic of all attempts to propose phonetic readings 14 in his later years he resisted the notion that the glyphs have a phonetic component as put forward by russian linguist yuri knorozov thompson forcefully criticised knorozov s research which discouraged the majority of the field from taking the latter s work seriously 15 thompson wrote about hieroglyphic writing in great detail in systems of hieroglyphic writing in middle america and methods of deciphering them the famed mayanist critiqued some of the historical inconsistencies associated with diego de landa s informants he warned other archaeologists that the translation may be inaccurate since the informant through personal agency may have intentionally deceived the spaniards or the informant did not supply material for reading maya texts using syllabic systems because none existed at the time he also scathingly claimed that knorozov overwhelmingly misidentified landa s hieroglyphs adding to confusion however it was later proven that many of knorozov s speculations that the maya language was phonetic and ideographic were accurate further discussed are the nahuatl language and writing where he again asserted that the maya did not have a phonetic language system instead he thought they only identified specific places and people 352 he thought that their writing had strong implications between good and bad furthermore he characterized the preconquest mexican codices as having a form of rebus writing 352 353 16 thompson also expressed interest in the divinatory significance of the dresden and madrid codices 357 17 thompson supported morley s contention that the inscriptions were purely esoteric and religious texts with no elements of history or politics until the early 1960s when the work of tatiana proskouriakoff on the inscriptions of piedras negras made him realise that his view had been completely mistaken 2 3 thompson continued to work with epigraphic and ethnohistoric problems until the end of his career as he himself noted he belonged to the last generation of generalists engaging in activities ranging from finding and mapping new sites and excavation to the study of maya ceramics art iconography epigraphy and ethnology on the side thompson sought to present the maya to the general public with publications such as the rise and fall of the maya civilization 1954 and maya hieroglyphs without tears 1972 post professional life edit thompson s grave at ashdon essex thompson was awarded four honorary doctorates in three different countries along with being awarded the order of isabel la catolica by spain the aztec eagle by mexico in 1965 and the order of the quetzal by guatemala during his last trip to the maya lands with the queen of the united kingdom in 1975 thompson was knighted by queen elizabeth ii in 1975 a few days after his 76th birthday becoming the first new world archaeologist to receive this honoured distinction he died nine months later on 9 september 1975 in cambridge and was laid to rest in ashdon essex england see also edit madrid codex maya yuri knorozov tatiana proskouriakoff maya civilisation chichen itza david stuart mayanist notes edit sir j eric s thompson encyclopaedia britannica retrieved 27 june 2020 1 2 3 4 5 norman hammond 1977 1 2 3 j eric thompson 1963 michael d coe 1992 demarest arthur 2004 the ancient maya the rise and fall of rainforest civilization new york cambridge university press pp 43 45 isbn 978 0 521 53390 4 thompson john 1943 a trial survey of the southern maya area american antiquity 9 1 106 134 doi 10 2307 275456 jstor 275456 s2cid 163470642 thompson john 1945 a survey of the northern maya area american antiquity 11 1 2 24 doi 10 2307 275524 jstor 275524 s2cid 164127117 epstein jeremiah 1990 sails in aboriginal mesoamerica reevaluating thompson s argument american archaeology watson matthew 1990 mediating the maya hieroglyphic image and objectivity journal of social archaeology ardren traci 2006 mending the past ix chel and the invention of the modern pop goddess antiquity 80 307 25 37 doi 10 1017 s0003598x00093236 s2cid 54685202 becker marshall 1979 priest peasants and ceremonial centers the intellectual history of a model maya archaeology and ethnohistory 3 20 doi 10 7560 750401 004 isbn 9780292762565 s2cid 222342895 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link chase arlen chase 2015 thirty years of archaeology at caracol belize retrospective and prospective research reports in belizean archaeology thompson john 1971 estimates of maya population deranging factors society for american archaeology houston stephen d chinchilla mazariegos oswaldo fernando stuart david 2001 the decipherment of ancient maya writing university of oklahoma press john ferguson harris stephen k stearns 1997 understanding maya inscriptions a hieroglyph handbook upenn museum of archaeology p 9 10 there is no alphabetic or true syllabic writing in preconquest mexican codices this would easily be spotted had it existed because the glyphs are mainly of identifiable places and persons there is a certain use of rebus writing to our european way of thinking the spoken syllabes reverse the arrangement of the drawing we would read it downwards under spanish influence nahuatl writing showed a great increase of rebus writing the various glyphs which form the phrase are in line just as in landa s maya sentence but they are still pictographic ideographic or rebus writing this form of rebus writing for example pater noster was written as a flag pantli a stone tetl for there is no r in nahuatl a prickly pear nochtli and again a stone tetl is arranged european fashion in straight lines like the phrases in codex xolotl and in landa s illustrative material thompson john 1959 systems of hieroglyphic writing in middle america and methods of deciphering them society for american archaeology references edit ardren traci 2006 mending the past ix chel and the invention of the modern pop goddess antiquity 80 307 antiquity publication ltd 30 35 doi 10 1017 s0003598x00093236 issn 0003 598x s2cid 54685202 becker marshall j 1979 priests peasants and ceremonial centers the intellectual history of a model texas university of austin press chase arlen and chase diane 2015 sails in aboriginal mesoamerica thirty years of archaeology at caracol belize retrospective and prospective research reports in belizean archaeology 12 1 13 14 coe michael d 1992 breaking the maya code london thames hudson isbn 0 500 05061 9 oclc 26605966 coe michael d 1999 the maya ancient peoples and places series 6th edition fully revised and expanded ed london and new york thames hudson isbn 0 500 28066 5 oclc 59432778 coe michael d mark van stone 2005 reading the maya glyphs 2nd ed london thames hudson isbn 978 0 500 28553 4 oclc 60532227 demarest arthur 2004 ancient maya the rise and fall of a rainforest civilization new york cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 53390 4 epstein jeremiah f 1990 sails in aboriginal mesoamer...