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h is estimated at 7 9 audubon writes that while on horseback he first believed the distant rumbling to be the sound of a tornado but the animal knew better than i what was forthcoming and instead of going faster so nearly stopped that i remarked he placed one foot after another on the ground with as much precaution as if walking on a smooth piece of ice i thought he had suddenly foundered and speaking to him was on point of dismounting and leading him when he all of a sudden fell a groaning piteously hung his head spread out his forelegs as if to save himself from falling and stood stock still continuing to groan i thought my horse was about to die and would have sprung from his back had a minute more elapsed but as that instant all the shrubs and trees began to move from their very roots the ground rose and fell in successive furrows like the ruffled water of a lake and i became bewildered in my ideas as i too plainly discovered that all this awful commotion was the result of an earthquake i had never witnessed anything of the kind before although like every person i knew earthquakes by description but what is description compared to reality who can tell the sensations which i experienced when i found myself rocking as it were upon my horse and with him moving to and fro like a child in a cradle with the most imminent danger around me 60 he noted that as the earthquake retreated the air was filled with an extremely disagreeable sulphurous odor 61 citizenship and debt edit a cinnamon bear by j t bowen after audubon during a visit to philadelphia in 1812 following congress s declaration of war against britain audubon became an american citizen and had to give up his french citizenship 62 after his return to kentucky he found that rats had eaten his entire collection of more than 200 drawings after weeks of depression he took to the field again determined to re do his drawings to an even higher standard 63 the war of 1812 upset audubon s plans to move his business to new orleans he formed a partnership with lucy s brother and built up their trade in henderson between 1812 and the panic of 1819 times were good audubon bought land and slaves founded a flour mill and enjoyed his growing family after 1819 audubon went bankrupt and was thrown into jail for debt the little money he earned was from drawing portraits particularly death bed sketches greatly esteemed by country folk before photography 64 he wrote m y heart was sorely heavy for scarcely had i enough to keep my dear ones alive and yet through these dark days i was being led to the development of the talents i loved 65 early ornithological career edit plate 181 of the birds of america by audubon depicting a golden eagle 1833 34 audubon worked for a brief time as the first paid employee of the western history society now known as the museum of natural history at the cincinnati museum center 66 he then traveled south on the mississippi with his gun paintbox and assistant joseph mason who stayed with him from october 1820 to august 1822 and painted the plant life backgrounds of many of audubon s bird studies he was committed to find and paint all the birds of north america for eventual publication his goal was to surpass the earlier ornithological work of poet naturalist alexander wilson 67 though he could not afford to buy wilson s work audubon used it to guide him when he had access to a copy in 1818 rafinesque visited kentucky and the ohio river valley to study fishes and was a guest of audubon in the middle of the night rafinesque noticed a bat in his room and thought it was a new species he happened to grab audubon s favourite violin in an effort to knock the bat down resulting in the destruction of the violin audubon reportedly took revenge by showing drawings and describing some fictitious fishes and rodents to rafinesque rafinesque gave scientific names to some of these fishes in his ichthyologia ohiensis 68 69 on october 12 1820 audubon traveled into mississippi alabama and florida in search of ornithological specimens he traveled with george lehman a professional swiss landscape painting artist the following summer he moved upriver to the oakley plantation in feliciana parish louisiana where he taught drawing to eliza pirrie the young daughter of the owners though low paying the job was ideal as it afforded him much time to roam and paint in the woods the plantation has been preserved as the audubon state historic site and is located at 11788 highway 965 between jackson and st francisville audubon called his future work the birds of america he attempted to paint one page each day painting with newly discovered technique he decided his earlier works were inferior and re did them 70 he hired hunters to gather specimens for him audubon realized the ambitious project would take him away from his family for months at a time audubon sometimes used his drawing talent to trade for goods or sell small works to raise cash he made charcoal portraits on demand at 5 each and gave drawing lessons 71 in 1823 audubon took lessons in oil painting technique from john steen a teacher of american landscape and history painter thomas cole though he did not use oils much for his bird work audubon earned good money painting oil portraits for patrons along the mississippi audubon s account reveals that he learned oil painting in december 1822 from jacob stein an itinerant portrait artist after they had enjoyed all the portrait patronage to be expected in natchez mississippi during january march 1823 they resolved to travel together as perambulating portrait artists 72 73 during this period 1822 1823 audubon also worked as an instructor at jefferson college in washington mississippi lucy became the steady breadwinner for the couple and their two young sons trained as a teacher she conducted classes for children in their home later she was hired as a local teacher in louisiana she boarded with their children at the home of a wealthy plantation owner as was often the custom of the time 72 74 in 1824 audubon returned to philadelphia to seek a publisher for his bird drawings he took oil painting lessons from thomas sully and met charles bonaparte who admired his work and recommended he go to europe to have his bird drawings engraved 75 audubon was nominated for membership at the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia by charles alexandre lesueur reuben haines and isaiah lukens on july 27 1824 76 however he failed to gather enough support and his nomination was rejected by vote on august 31 1824 76 around the same time accusations of scientific misconduct were levied by alexander lawson and others 77 the birds of america edit main article the birds of america plate from the birds of america featuring the extinct ivory billed woodpecker with his wife s support in 1826 at age 41 audubon took his growing collection of work to england he sailed from new orleans to liverpool on the cotton hauling ship delos reaching england in the autumn of 1826 with his portfolio of over 300 drawings 78 with letters of introduction to prominent englishmen and paintings of imaginary species including the bird of washington 10 audubon gained their quick attention i have been received here in a manner not to be expected during my highest enthusiastic hopes 79 an american flamingo by audubon brooklyn museum an american crow by audubon brooklyn museum audubon s images of backwoods america and its natural attractions enjoyed widespread success among british customers he met with great acceptance as he toured around england and scotland and was lionized as the american woodsman he raised enough money to begin publishing his the birds of america this monumental work consists of 435 hand colored life size prints of 497 bird species made from engraved copper plates of various sizes depending on the size of the image they were printed on sheets measuring about 39 by 26 inches 990 by 660 mm 80 the work illustrates slightly more than 700 north american bird species of which some were based on specimens collected by fellow ornithologist john kirk townsend on his journey across america with thomas nuttall in 1834 as part of nathaniel jarvis wyeth s second expedition across the rocky mountains to the pacific ocean 81 82 the pages were organized for artistic effect and contrasting interest as if the reader were taking a visual tour some critics thought he should have organized the plates in linnaean order as befitting a serious ornithological treatise 83 the first and perhaps most famous plate was the wild turkey among the earliest plates printed was the bird of washington which generated favorable publicity for audubon as his first discovery of a new species however no specimen of the species has ever been found and research published in 2020 argues that this plate was a mixture of plagiarism and ornithological fraud 10 the cost of printing the entire work was 115 640 over 2 000 000 today paid for from advance subscriptions exhibitions oil painting commissions and animal skins which audubon hunted and sold 80 audubon s great work was a remarkable accomplishment it took more than 14 years of field observations and drawings plus his single handed management and promotion of the project to make it a success a reviewer wrote all anxieties and fears which overshadowed his work in its beginning had passed away the prophecies of kind but overprudent friends who did not understand his self sustaining energy had proved untrue the malicious hope of his enemies for even the gentle lover of nature has enemies had been disappointed he had secured a commanding place in the respect and gratitude of men 84 colorists applied each color in assembly line fashion over fifty were hired for the work 85 the original edition was engraved in aquatint by robert havell jr who took over the task after the first ten plates engraved by w h lizars were deemed inadequate known as the double elephant folio for its double elephant paper size it is often regarded as the greatest picture book ever produced and the finest aquatint work by the 1830s the aquatint process had been largely superseded by lithography 86 a contemporary french critic wrote a magic power transported us into the forests which for so many years this man of genius has trod learned and ignorant alike were astonished at the spectacle it is a real and palpable vision of the new world 87 a green heron by audubon brooklyn museum audubon sold oil painted copies of the drawings to make extra money and publicize the book a potential publisher had audubon s portrait painted by john syme who clothed the naturalist in frontier clothes the portrait was hung at the entrance of his exhibitions promoting his rustic image the painting is now held in the white house art collection and is not frequently displayed 88 the new york historical society holds all 435 of the preparatory watercolors for the birds of america lucy audubon sold them to the society after her husband s death all but 80 of the original copper plates were melted down when lucy audubon desperate for money sold them for scrap to the phelps dodge corporation 89 king george iv was among the avid fans of audubon and subscribed to support publication of the book the british royal society recognized audubon s achievement by electing him as a fellow the second american to be elected after benjamin franklin while in edinburgh to seek subscribers for the book audubon gave a demonstration of his method of supporting birds with wire at professor robert jameson s wernerian natural history association student charles darwin was in the audience audubon also visited the dissecting theater of the anatomist robert knox audubon was also successful in france gaining the king and several of the nobility as subscribers 90 a painting of the roseate spoonbill by john james audubon plate cccxxi the birds of america became very popular during europe s romantic era 91 audubon s dramatic portraits of birds appealed to people in this period s fascination with natural history 91 92 93 later career edit two white gyrfalcons by audubon lucy audubon c 1870 audubon returned to america in 1829 to complete more drawings for his magnum opus he also hunted animals and shipped the valued skins to british associates he was reunited with his family after settling business affairs lucy accompanied him back to england audubon found that during his absence he had lost some subscribers due to the uneven quality of coloring of the plates others were in arrears in their payments his engraver fixed the plates and audubon reassured subscribers but a few begged off he responded the birds of america will then raise in value as much as they are now depreciated by certain fools and envious persons 94 he was elected a fellow of the american academy of arts and sciences 95 in 1830 and to the american philosophical society 96 in 1831 he followed the birds of america with a sequel ornithological biography this was a collection of life histories of each species written with scottish ornithologist william macgillivray the two books were printed separately to avoid a british law requiring copies of all publications with text to be deposited in copyright libraries a huge financial burden for the self published audubon 97 both books were published between 1827 and 1839 during the 1830s audubon continued making expeditions in north america during a trip to key west a companion wrote in a newspaper article mr audubon is the most enthusiastic and indefatigable man i ever knew mr audubon was neither dispirited by heat fatigue or bad luck he rose every morning at 3 o clock and went out until 1 o clock then he would draw the rest of the day before returning to the field in the evening a routine he kept up for weeks and months 98 in the posthumously published book the life of john james audubon the naturalist 60 edited by his widow and derived primarily from his notes audubon related visiting the northeastern florida coastal sugar plantation of john joachim bulow for christmas 1831 early january 1832 it was started by his father and at 4 675 acres was the largest in east florida 99 bulow had a sugar mill built there under direction of a scottish engineer who accompanied audubon on an excursion in the region the mill was destroyed in 1836 in the second seminole war the plantation site is preserved today as the bulow plantation ruins historic state park 99 in march 1832 audubon booked passage at st augustine florida aboard the schooner agnes bound for charleston south carolina a gale forced the vessel to berth at the mouth of the savannah river where an officer of the united states army corps of engineers on cockspur island where fort pulaski was under construction transported audubon upstream to savannah georgia on their barge just as he was about to board a charleston bound stage coach he remembered william gaston a savannah resident who had once befriended him audubon stayed at city hotel and ...