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export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikisource wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from john wyclif english catholic priest and philosopher 1328 1384 john wickliffe and wycliff redirect here for the ship see john wyckliffe ship for other uses and other people see wycliffe the reverend john wycliffe portrait by thomas kirkby c 1828 born c 1328 hipswell yorkshire england died 31 december 1384 1384 12 31 aged 56 lutterworth leicestershire england 1 education education merton college oxford philosophical work era medieval philosophy region western philosophy school scholasticism main interests theology notable works wycliffe s bible attributed john wycliffe ˈ w ɪ k l ɪ f also spelled wyclif wickliffe wicklyf etc a c 1328 31 december 1384 2 was an english scholastic philosopher christian reformer catholic priest and a theology professor at the university of oxford wycliffe is traditionally believed to have advocated for or made a vernacular translation of the vulgate bible into middle english though more recent scholarship has minimised the extent of his advocacy or involvement for lack of direct contemporary evidence 3 7 8 4 5 he became an influential dissident within the catholic priesthood during the 14th century and his ideas are often considered an important predecessor to protestantism 6 his political theological theory of dominion meant that the church was not allowed to own property or have ecclesiastic courts and men in mortal sin were not entitled to exercise authority in the church or state nor to own property 7 wycliffe insisted on the radical poverty of all clergy wycliffe has been characterised as the evening star of scholasticism and as the morning star or stella matutina of the english reformation 8 9 certain of wycliffe s later followers derogatorily called lollards by their orthodox contemporaries in the 15th and 16th centuries adopted a number of the beliefs attributed to wycliffe such as theological virtues predestination iconoclasm and the notion of caesaropapism with some questioning the veneration of saints the sacraments requiem masses transubstantiation monasticism and the legitimacy or role of the papacy wycliffe s writings in latin greatly influenced the philosophy and teaching of the czech reformer jan hus c 1369 1415 10 life and career edit early life edit wycliffe was born in the village of hipswell near richmond in the north riding of yorkshire england although there is some dispute about the date he has conventionally been given a birth date of 1324 11 but hudson and kenny state only records suggest he was born in the mid 1320s 12 and conti states that he was born after 1331 13 wycliffe received his early education close to his home 14 it is unknown when he first came to oxford with which he was so closely connected until the end of his life but he is known to have been at oxford around 1345 thomas bradwardine was the archbishop of canterbury and his book on the cause of god against the pelagians a bold recovery of the pauline augustinian doctrine of grace greatly shaped young wycliffe s views 15 as did the black death which reached england in the summer of 1348 16 from his frequent references to it in later life it appears to have made a deep and abiding impression upon him according to robert vaughn the effect was to give wycliffe very gloomy views in regard to the condition and prospects of the human race 17 in september 1351 wycliffe became a priest 18 wycliffe would have been at oxford during the st scholastica day riot in which sixty three students and a number of townspeople were killed career in education edit in 1356 wycliffe completed his bachelor of arts degree at merton college as a junior fellow 19 that same year he produced a small treatise the last age of the church in the light of the virulence of the plague which had subsided seven years previously wycliffe s studies led him to the opinion that the close of the 14th century would mark the end of the world while other writers viewed the plague as god s judgement on sinful people wycliffe saw it as an indictment of an unworthy clergy the mortality rate among the clergy had been particularly high and those who replaced them were in his opinion uneducated or generally disreputable 16 in 1361 he was master of balliol college in oxford 20 that year he was presented by the college to the parish of fillingham in lincolnshire which he visited rarely during long vacations from oxford 21 for this he had to give up the headship of balliol college though he could continue to live at oxford he is said to have had rooms in the buildings of the queen s college in 1362 he was granted a prebend at aust in westbury on trym which he held in addition to the post at fillingham in 1365 his performance led simon islip archbishop of canterbury to place him at the head of canterbury hall where twelve young men were preparing for the priesthood in december 1365 islip appointed wycliffe as warden 22 but when islip died in 1366 his successor simon langham a man of monastic training turned the leadership of the college over to a monk in 1367 wycliffe s appeal to rome was refused in 1371 the incident was typical of the ongoing rivalry between monks or friars and secular clergy at oxford at this time 21 in 1368 he gave up his living at fillingham and took over the rectory of ludgershall buckinghamshire not far from oxford which enabled him to retain his connection with the university tradition has it that he began his translation of the bible into english while sitting in a room above what is now the porch in ludgershall church 23 in 1369 wycliffe obtained a bachelor s degree in theology and his doctorate in 1372 24 in 1374 he received the crown living of st mary s church lutterworth in leicestershire 25 which he retained until his death politics edit wyclif giving the poor priests his translation of the bible by william frederick yeames published before 1923 26 in 1374 wycliffe s was part of a group negotiating in bruges on behalf of the english government with gregory xi s papal envoys on a number of disputed points between the king and the pope which may have started his connection with the duke of lancaster john of gaunt 25 a powerful magnate and power broker who was the third son of king edward iii although that connection may have started as early as 1371 13 soon after his return from bruges he began to write tracts and longer works being no longer satisfied with just using his college chair to promote his ideas in his book de civili dominio on civil dominion concerning the government of god and the ten commandments he attacked the temporal rule of the clergy the collection of annates indulgences and simony according to the english catholic historian francis aidan gasquet at least some of wycliffe s program should be seen as naive attempts at social reconstruction in the aftermath of the continuing institutional chaos after the black death 1347 1349 27 de civili dominio edit wycliffe entered the politics of the day with his great work de civili dominio on civil dominion which drew arguments from the works of richard fitzralph 28 this called for the royal divestment of all church property wycliffe argued that the church had fallen into sin and that it ought therefore to give up all its property and that the clergy must live in poverty the tendency of the high offices of state to be held by clerics was resented by powerful nobles such as john of gaunt whose power was challenged by the wealth and power of the clergy 29 while also believing that church wealth could fund the government s military needs 30 conflicts with church state and university edit in 1377 13 wycliffe s ideas on lordship and church wealth caused his first official condemnation by pope gregory xi who censured 19 articles of de civili dominio 13 he was summoned before william courtenay bishop of london to a convocation on 19 february 1377 31 at st paul s cathedral 25 the exact charges are not known as the matter did not get as far as a definite examination citation needed lechler suggests that wycliffe was targeted by john of gaunt s opponents among the nobles and church hierarchy 32 page needed gaunt the earl marshal henry percy and a number of other armed supporters accompanied wycliffe 31 a hostile crowd gathered at the church 25 and at the entrance party animosities began to show citation needed and there was an angry exchange between the bishop of london and john of gaunt 25 about whether wycliffe could sit 33 mural depicting trial of the 19 february 1377 one of the manchester murals by ford madox brown gaunt is shown confronting william courtenay while a barefoot wycliffe looks on geoffrey chaucer is depicted as one of the scribes gaunt declared that he would humble the pride of the english clergy and their partisans hinting at the intent to secularise the possessions of the church the assembly broke up and gaunt and his partisans departed with their protégé 34 anti gaunt riots followed the next day in london most of the english clergy were irritated by this encounter and attacks upon wycliffe began wycliffe s second and third books dealing with civil government carry a sharp polemic on 22 may 1377 pope gregory xi sent five copies of a bull against wycliffe dispatching one to the archbishop of canterbury and the others to the bishop of london king edward iii the chancellor and the university among the enclosures were 18 theses of his which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to church and state all were drawn from de civili dominio 35 ch8 stephen lahey suggests that gregory s action against wycliffe was an attempt to put pressure on king edward to make peace with france 29 edward iii died on 21 june 1377 and the bull against wycliffe did not reach england before december wycliffe was asked to give the king s council his opinion on whether it was lawful to withhold traditional payments to rome and he responded that it was 36 back at oxford the vice chancellor confined wycliffe for some time in black hall 37 but his friends soon obtained his release in march 1378 wycliffe was summoned to appear at lambeth palace to defend himself however sir lewis clifford entered the chapel and in the name of the queen mother joan of kent forbade the bishops to proceed to a definite sentence concerning wycliffe s conduct or opinions 17 wycliffe wrote a letter expressing and defending his less obnoxious doctrines 38 xlii the bishops who were divided satisfied themselves with forbidding him to speak further on the controversy de incarcerandis fidelibus edit wycliffe wrote de incarcerandis fidelibus on the incarceration of the faithful a late polemical treatise opposing the use of imprisonment as a coercive instrument of ecclesiastical discipline 39 40 the work is commonly described as consisting of thirty three conclusions transmitted in both latin and english although modern scholarship is not uniform in describing the precise relationship between the two versions 41 42 no works that wycliff wrote or preached in english are now known 43 in the treatise wycliffe argued that incarceration should not be regarded as a legitimate or lawful consequence of excommunication and that coercive penalties imposed by church authorities exceeded their proper spiritual jurisdiction 44 45 he further maintained that those who were excommunicated or imprisoned unjustly should be permitted to seek redress through secular authority including appeal to the king and his council reflecting his broader view that temporal power had a corrective role when ecclesiastical authority was abused 40 46 wycliffe s opposition to clerical imprisonment and his appeal to royal oversight are consistent with arguments found elsewhere in his political theology particularly in works addressing the duties of kingship and the limits of ecclesiastical power 47 some ordinary citizens some of the nobility and his former protector john of gaunt rallied to him before any further steps could be taken in rome gregory xi died in 1378 de officio regis edit wycliffe s stance against the papacy grew ever more extreme moving from respect to outright opposition wycliffe s stand concerning the ideal of poverty became continually firmer as well as his position with regard to the temporal rule of the clergy closely related to this attitude was his book de officio regis the content of which had been foreshadowed in his 33 conclusions for example that a trial before parliament and synod was necessary for excommunication that the king should intervene and not authorise imprisonment as a sentence for excommunication 48 227 231 this book like those that preceded and followed was concerned with the reform of the church in which the temporal arm was to have an influential part from 1380 onwards wycliffe devoted himself to writings that argued his rejection of transubstantiation and strongly criticised the friars who supported it 49 281 anti wycliffe synod edit statue of wycliffe on frederick s church copenhagen in the summer of 1381 wycliffe formulated his doctrine of the lord s supper in twelve short sentences and made it a duty to advocate it everywhere then the english hierarchy launched proceedings against him the chancellor of the university of oxford had some of the declarations pronounced heretical when this was announced to wycliffe he declared that no one could change his convictions he then appealed not to the pope or the ecclesiastical authorities of the land but to the king he published his great confession upon the subject and a second writing in english intended for the common people 50 as long as wycliffe limited his attacks to abuses and the wealth of the church he could rely on the support of part of the clergy and aristocracy but once he dismissed the traditional doctrine of transubstantiation his theses could not be defended any more 13 this view cost him the support of john of gaunt and many others 36 in the midst of this came the peasants revolt of 1381 the revolt was sparked in part by wycliffe s preaching carried throughout the realm by poor priests or poor preachers appointed by wycliffe and mostly laymen a contemporary record claims local sympathetic knights would force local people to hear the preaching sometimes acting as armed guards in the parish church to prevent disputation 51 the preachers didn t limit their criticism of the accumulation of wealth and property to that of the monasteries but included secular properties belonging to the nobility 52 although wycliffe disapproved of the revolt citation needed some of his disciples justified the killing of simon sudbury archbishop of canterbury citation needed in 1382 wycliffe s old enemy william courtenay now archbishop of canterbury called an ecclesiastical assembly of notables at london during the consultations on 21 may an earthquake occurred the participants were ...