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rian railway during the winter of 1917 and 1918 in may 1918 the anti bolshevik czechoslovak legion wrested control of parts of siberia from bolshevik forces the provisional siberian government established itself in omsk and broz and his comrades went into hiding at this time broz met a 14 year old local girl pelagija polka belousova sh who hid him and then helped him escape to a kazakh village 64 kilometres 40 mi from omsk 56 60 broz again worked maintaining the local mill until november 1919 when the red army recaptured omsk from white forces loyal to the provisional all russian government of alexander kolchak he moved back to omsk and married belousova in january 1920 l at the time of their marriage broz was 27 years old and pelagia belousova was 14 they divorced in the 1930s in moscow 62 63 broz later wrote that during his time in russia he heard much talk of lenin a little of trotsky and as for stalin during the time i stayed in russia i never once heard his name 61 tito joined the communist party in 1920 in omsk 63 in the autumn of 1920 he and his pregnant wife returned to his homeland by train to narva by ship to stettin then by train to vienna where they arrived on 20 september in early october broz returned to kumrovec in what was then the kingdom of serbs croats and slovenes to find that his mother had died and his father had moved to jastrebarsko near zagreb 56 sources differ over whether broz joined the communist party of the soviet union while in russia but he said that the first time he joined the communist party of yugoslavia cpy was in zagreb after he returned to his homeland 64 interwar communist activity edit communist agitator edit the assassination of the minister of the interior milorad drašković led to the outlawing of the communist party upon his return home broz was unable to gain employment as a metalworker in kumrovec so he and his wife moved briefly to zagreb where he worked as a waiter and took part in a waiters strike he also joined the cpy 65 the cpy s influence on the political life of yugoslavia was growing rapidly in the 1920 elections it won 59 seats and became the third strongest party 66 in light of difficult economic and social circumstances the regime viewed the cpy as the main threat to the system of government 67 on 30 december the government issued a proclamation obznana outlawing communist activities which included bans on propaganda assembly halls stripping of civil service for servants and scholarships for students found to be communist 68 its author milorad drašković the yugoslav minister of the interior was assassinated by a young communist alija alijagić on 2 august 1921 the cpy was then declared illegal under the yugoslav state security act of 1921 69 and the regime proceeded to prosecute party members and sympathisers as political prisoners 68 due to his overt communist links broz was fired from his employment 70 he and his wife then moved to the village of veliko trojstvo where he worked as a mill mechanic 71 72 after the arrest of the cpy leadership in january 1922 stevo sabić took over control of its operations sabić contacted broz who agreed to work illegally for the party distributing leaflets and agitating among factory workers in the contest of ideas between those that wanted to pursue moderate policies and those that advocated violent revolution broz sided with the latter in 1924 broz was elected to the cpy district committee but after he gave a speech at a comrade s catholic funeral he was arrested when the priest complained paraded through the streets in chains he was held for eight days and was eventually charged with creating a public disturbance with the help of a serbian orthodox prosecutor who hated catholics broz and his co accused were acquitted 73 his brush with the law had marked him as a communist agitator and his home was searched on an almost weekly basis since their arrival in yugoslavia pelagija had lost three babies soon after their births and one daughter zlatica at the age of two broz felt the loss of zlatica deeply in 1924 pelagija gave birth to a boy žarko who survived in mid 1925 broz s employer died and the new mill owner gave him an ultimatum give up his communist activities or lose his job so at age 33 broz became a professional revolutionary 74 75 professional revolutionary edit the cpy concentrated its revolutionary efforts on factory workers in the more industrialised areas of croatia and slovenia encouraging strikes and similar action 76 in 1925 the now unemployed broz moved to kraljevica on the adriatic coast where he started working at a shipyard to further the aims of the cpy 77 during his time in kraljevica he acquired a love of the warm sunny adriatic coastline that lasted for the rest of his life and throughout his later time as leader he spent as much time as possible living on his yacht while cruising the adriatic 78 while at kraljevica he worked on yugoslav torpedo boats and a pleasure yacht for the people s radical party politician milan stojadinović broz built up the trade union organisation in the shipyards and was elected as a union representative a year later he led a shipyard strike and soon after was fired in october 1926 he obtained work in a railway works in smederevska palanka near belgrade in march 1927 he wrote an article complaining about the exploitation of workers in the factory and after speaking up for a worker he was promptly sacked identified by the cpy as worthy of promotion he was appointed secretary of the zagreb branch of the metal workers union and soon thereafter the union s whole croatian branch in july 1927 broz was arrested along with six other workers and imprisoned at nearby ogulin 79 80 after being held without trial for some time he went on a hunger strike until a date was set the trial was held in secret and he was found guilty of being a member of the cpy sentenced to four months imprisonment he was released from prison pending an appeal on the cpy s orders broz did not report to court for the hearing of the appeal instead going into hiding in zagreb wearing dark spectacles and carrying forged papers broz posed as a middle class technician in the engineering industry working undercover to contact other cpy members and coordinate their infiltration of trade unions 81 tito s mug shot after arrest for communist activities in 1928 in february 1928 broz was one of 32 delegates to the conference of the croatian branch of the cpy during the conference he condemned factions within the party including those that advocated a greater serbia agenda within yugoslavia like the long term cpy leader sima marković broz proposed that the executive committee of the communist international purge the branch of factionalism and was supported by a delegate sent from moscow after it was proposed that the croatian branch s entire central committee be dismissed a new central committee was elected with broz as its secretary 82 marković was subsequently expelled from the cpy at the fourth congress of the comintern and the cpy adopted a policy of working for the breakup of yugoslavia 83 broz arranged to disrupt a meeting of the social democratic party on may day that year in a melee outside the venue police arrested him they failed to identify him charging him under his false name for a breach of the peace he was imprisoned for 14 days and then released returning to his previous activities 84 the police eventually tracked him down with the help of a police informer he was ill treated and held for three months before being tried in court in november 1928 for his illegal communist activities 85 which included allegations that police had planted the bombs found at his address 86 he was convicted and sentenced to five years imprisonment 87 prison edit tito left and his ideological mentor moša pijade while they were imprisoned in the lepoglava jail 1930s after broz s sentencing his wife and son returned to kumrovec where sympathetic locals looked after them but then one day they suddenly left without explanation and returned to the soviet union 88 she fell in love with another man and žarko grew up in institutions 89 even after he became famous details of broz s life were so obscure that all john gunther could write in 1949 about his wife after meeting him was that she was possibly russian and died many years ago 90 after arriving at lepoglava prison broz was employed in maintaining the electrical system and chose as his assistant a middle class belgrade jew moša pijade who had been given a 20 year sentence for his communist activities their work allowed broz and pijade to move around the prison contacting and organising other communist prisoners 91 during their time together in lepoglava pijade became broz s ideological mentor 92 after two and a half years at lepoglava broz was accused of attempting to escape and was transferred to maribor prison where he was held in solitary confinement for several months 93 after completing the full term of his sentence he was released only to be arrested outside the prison gates and taken to ogulin to serve the four month sentence he had avoided in 1927 he was finally released from prison on 16 march 1934 but even then he was subject to orders that required him to live in kumrovec and report to the police daily 94 during his imprisonment the political situation in europe had changed significantly with the rise of adolf hitler in germany and the emergence of right wing parties in france and neighbouring austria he returned to a warm welcome in kumrovec but did not stay long in early may he received word from the cpy to return to his revolutionary activities and left his hometown for zagreb where he rejoined the central committee of the communist party of croatia 95 the croatian branch of the cpy was in disarray a situation exacerbated by the escape of the executive committee of the cpy to vienna in austria from which they were directing activities over the next six months broz travelled several times between zagreb ljubljana and vienna using false passports in july 1934 he was blackmailed by a smuggler but pressed on across the border and was detained by the local heimwehr a paramilitary home guard he used the austrian accent he had developed during his war service to convince them that he was a wayward austrian mountaineer and they allowed him to proceed to vienna 96 97 once there he contacted the general secretary of the cpy milan gorkić who sent him to ljubljana to arrange a secret conference of the cpy in slovenia the conference was held at the summer palace of the roman catholic bishop of ljubljana whose brother was a communist sympathiser it was at this conference that broz first met edvard kardelj a young slovene communist who had recently been released from prison broz and kardelj subsequently became good friends with tito later regarding him as his most reliable deputy as he was wanted by the police for failing to report to them in kumrovec broz adopted various pseudonyms including rudi and tito he used the latter as a pen name when he wrote articles for party journals in 1934 and it stuck he gave no reason for choosing the name tito except that it was a common nickname for men from the district where he grew up within the comintern network his nickname was walter 98 99 100 because of the obscurity of details of his life many imaginative theories would spread about the tito nickname s origin 90 flight from yugoslavia edit edvard kardelj left met tito in 1934 and they became close friends during this time tito wrote articles on the duties of imprisoned communists and on trade unions he was in ljubljana when vlado chernozemski an assassin for the internal macedonian revolutionary organization imro and instructor for the croatian ultranationalist organisation ustaše assassinated king alexander in marseilles on 9 october 1934 in the crackdown on dissidents that followed his death it was decided that tito should leave yugoslavia he travelled to vienna on a forged czechoslovak passport where he joined gorkić and the rest of the politburo of the cpy it was decided that the austrian government was too hostile to communism so the politburo travelled to brno in czechoslovakia and tito accompanied them 101 on christmas day 1934 a secret meeting of the central committee of the cpy was held in ljubljana and tito was elected as a member of the politburo for the first time the politburo decided to send him to moscow to report on the situation in yugoslavia and in early february 1935 he arrived there as a full time official of the comintern 102 he lodged at the main comintern residence the hotel lux on tverskaya street and was quickly in contact with vladimir ćopić one of the leading yugoslavs with the comintern he was soon introduced to the main personalities in the organisation tito was appointed to the secretariat of the balkan section responsible for yugoslavia bulgaria romania and greece 103 kardelj was also in moscow as was the bulgarian communist leader georgi dimitrov 99 tito lectured on trade unions to foreign communists and attended a course on military tactics run by the red army and occasionally attended the bolshoi theatre he attended as one of 510 delegates to the seventh world congress of the comintern in july and august 1935 where he briefly saw joseph stalin for the first time after the congress he toured the soviet union and then returned to moscow to continue his work he contacted polka and žarko but soon fell in love with an austrian woman who worked at the hotel lux johanna koenig known within communist ranks as lucia bauer when she became aware of this liaison polka divorced tito in april 1936 tito married bauer on 13 october of that year 104 after the world congress tito worked to promote the new comintern line on yugoslavia which was that it would no longer work to break up the country and would instead defend the integrity of yugoslavia against nazism and fascism from a distance tito also worked to organise strikes at the shipyards at kraljevica and the coal mines at trbovlje near ljubljana he tried to convince the comintern that it would be better if the party leadership were located inside yugoslavia a compromise was arrived at where tito and others would work inside the country and gorkić and the politburo would continue to work from abroad gorkić and the politburo relocated to paris while tito began to travel between moscow paris and zagreb in 1936 and 1937 using false passports 105 in 1936 his father died 22 yugoslav volunteers fighting in the spanish civil war tito returned to moscow in august 1936 soon after the outbreak of the spanish civil war 106 at the time the great purge was underway and foreign communists like tito and his yugoslav compatriots were particularly vulnerable despite a laudatory report written by tito about the veteran yugoslav communist filip filipović filipović was arrested and shot by the soviet secret police the nkvd 107 however befor...
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