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tion transfer in the soviet union policies dekulakization evacuation forced settlements gulag peoples azerbaijanis from armenia balkars bessarabia and northern bukovina chechens and ingush chinese crimean tatars estonians nkvd operation finns ingrian finns nkvd operation germans 1941 1942 from romania nkvd operation greeks nkvd operation harbinites kalmyks karachays koreans kumyks kurds from transcaucasia latvians nkvd operation lithuanians meskhetian turks poles nkvd operation 1944 1946 1955 1959 polish and soviet jews between poland and soviet ukraine between poland and soviet belarus between poland and soviet lithuania operations june deportation german soviet population transfers operation north operation osen operation priboi operation vesna operation vistula wwii pow labor pow administration japanese germans hungarians romanians massive labor force transfers twenty five thousanders nkvd labor columns virgin lands campaign v t e the june deportation of 1941 estonian juuniküüditamine latvian jūnija deportācijas lithuanian birželio trėmimai was a mass deportation of tens of thousands of people during world war ii from estonia latvia lithuania present day western belarus and western ukraine and present day moldova territories which had been occupied by the soviet union in 1939 1940 into the interior of the soviet union 1 the june deportation was ordered by the soviet dictator stalin and organized following formal guidelines set by the nkvd 2 with the soviet interior people s commissar lavrentiy beria as the senior executor 3 the official title of the top secret document was resolution on the eviction of the socially foreign elements from the baltic republics western ukraine western belarus and moldova 4 the nkvd and red army units carried out the arrests often in collaboration with the soviet police and local communist party members 5 background edit the june deportations were part of a much larger history of depopulation 6 the stalin deportations from 1928 1953 targeted 13 different nationalities 7 the june deportation marked the first industrialized deportations using rail 8 estonia latvia and lithuania were invaded and occupied and thereafter annexed by the soviet union in june 1940 less than a year after poland and the baltic countries had been divided into spheres of influence between the soviet union and nazi germany in the 23 august 1939 molotov ribbentrop pact 9 in june 1940 the three independent baltic countries were occupied by the soviet red army and new pro soviet puppet governments were installed 10 mass deportation campaigns began almost immediately and included estonia latvia lithuania ukraine belarus and moldova 4 deportations edit planning for mass deportations began as far back as 1939 4 the deportation took place from 22 may to 20 june 1941 11 just before the invasion of the soviet union by nazi germany 12 the operations began 22 may in ukraine and poland 12 13 june in moldova 14 june in latvia estonia and lithuania and 19 20 june in belarus 2 the goal of the deportations was to remove political opponents of the soviet government not to strengthen security in preparation for the german attack 13 the nkvd framed the deportees as anti soviet counter revolutionaries and criminal elements 4 14 the fourth wave of mass deportations in occupied poland 15 and deportations in ukraine were both intended to combat the counter revolutionary organization of ukrainian nationalists 14 16 the deportation program served three soviet goals to remove dissidents to change composition of population through russian migration and to have cheap slave labor in gulag camps 4 the june deportation campaigns resulted in genocidal levels of depopulation 17 the goal of depopulation was often reflected by nkvd officials carrying out deportations for example in lithuania the lutherans wealthy academics and nationalists were targeted lithuanian affairs commissioner mikhail suslov declared there will be lithuania but without lithuanians 18 unreliable source the procedure for the deportations was approved by ivan serov in the serov instructions people were deported without trials in whole families which were then split 15 19 men were generally imprisoned and most of them died in siberia in gulag camps women and children were resettled in forced settlements 13 in omsk and novosibirsk oblasts krasnoyarsk tajikistan altai krais and kazakhstan 11 thousands of people were stuffed into cattle cars usually 30 40 under unsanitary conditions leading to casualties especially among the elderly and children 20 due to poor living conditions at the destination the mortality rate was very high for example the mortality rate among the estonian deportees was estimated at 60 13 following stalin s death in 1953 khrushchev began a program of limited return 7 in lithuania for example 17 000 people returned by 1956 and 80 000 returned by 1970 21 many people deemed nationalist or of non white ethnic descent were not allowed to return until the 1980s 22 when survivors did return they faced discrimination and loss of property 23 number of deportees edit the number of deported people include pre war country number of deportees to forced settlements 24 from official nkvd reports to prison camps and forced settlements overstated estimates estonia 5 978 10 000 to 11 000 13 latvia 9 546 25 15 000 25 lithuania 10 187 17 500 26 poland 11 329 western ukraine 22 353 western belarus 24 412 western belarus 27 200 000 to 300 000 24 15 romania a 24 360 300 000 28 a moldavia as well as chernivtsi oblast and izmail oblast of ukraine remembrance edit memorial event in tallinn in 1989 2023 june deportation remembrance day in estonia baltic states hold a day of remembrance on 14 june 29 30 in latvia this is the commemoration day for the victims of communist genocide 31 the day of remembrance began following the national awakening movement in the 1980s 31 on 14 june 1987 the human rights group helsinki 86 organized a flower laying ceremony at the freedom monument to commemorate the victims of the 1941 deportations 31 in 1993 the museum of the occupation of latvia lom was founded which organized efforts around remembrance days 30 in estonia the estonian institute of historical memory leads vigils on 14 june and 25 march 23 in media edit the june deportation has been the subject of several baltic films from the 2010s the 2013 lithuanian film the excursionist dramatised the events through the depiction of a 10 year old girl who escapes from her camp estonia s 2014 in the crosswind is an essay film based on the memoirs of a woman who was deported to siberia and is told through staged tableaux vivants filmed in black and white estonia s ülo pikkov also addressed the events in the animated short film body memory kehamälu from 2012 latvia s the chronicles of melanie was released in 2016 and is just like in the crosswind based on the memoirs of a woman who experienced the deportation but is told in a more conventional dramatic way 32 a number of historical fiction and non fictional books also explore the 1941 deportations and their impact urve tamberg s work of historical fiction the young adult novel the darkest corner of the world 2012 is a composite of her family s and her community s stories told through the eyes of a young woman in estonia who flees from tallinn to the island of hiiumaa to try to escape the deportations 33 additionally ann lehtmets co authored the memoir sentence siberia 1994 with douglas hoile a first hand account of her survival in the gulags following the 1941 deportations 34 other notable works include ruta sepetys novel between shades of gray 2011 which follows a lithuanian family s experience of the 1941 deportations 35 which was adapted into the film ashes in the snow see also edit soviet deportations from estonia soviet deportations from latvia soviet deportations from lithuania commemoration day for the victims of communist genocide birch bark letters from siberia occupation of estonia by nazi germany references edit švedas aurimas 2020 12 09 narratives of exile and identity soviet deportation memoirs from the baltic states eds violeta davoliūtė tomas balkelis budapest new york central european university press 2018 220 pp isbn 978 963 386 183 7 lithuanian historical studies 24 1 262 264 doi 10 30965 25386565 02401021 issn 1392 2343 s2cid 230572283 1 2 иванов александр 2020 narratives of exile and identity soviet deportation memoirs from the baltic states ed by violeta davoliūtė and tomas balkelis ab imperio 2020 2 289 295 doi 10 1353 imp 2020 0047 issn 2164 9731 s2cid 226516659 vardys v stanley 1966 how the baltic republics fare in the soviet union foreign affairs 44 3 512 517 doi 10 2307 20039184 issn 0015 7120 jstor 20039184 1 2 3 4 5 kašauskienė vanda 1998 11 30 deportations from lithuania under stalin 1940 1953 lithuanian historical studies 3 1 73 82 doi 10 30965 25386565 00301004 issn 1392 2343 saueauk meelis 2015 12 21 erikaader nomenklatuur ja julgeolekuorganid eesti nsv s 1940 1953 abstract special cadre the nomenklatura system and the state security organs in the era of stalinist rule in the estonian ssr 1940 1953 ajalooline ajakiri the estonian historical journal 4 407 doi 10 12697 aa 2015 4 04 issn 2228 3897 kohut andriy 2020 06 19 soviet deportations of oun family members from western ukraine in 1940 1952 acta historica neosoliensia 23 1 72 90 doi 10 24040 ahn 2020 23 01 72 90 issn 1336 9148 s2cid 225706844 1 2 pohl j otto june 2000 stalin s genocide against the repressed peoples journal of genocide research 2 2 267 293 doi 10 1080 713677598 issn 1462 3528 s2cid 59194258 blum alain koustova emilia grieve madeleine duthreuil catriona 2018 negotiating lives redefining repressive policies managing the legacies of stalinist deportations kritika explorations in russian and eurasian history 19 3 537 571 doi 10 1353 kri 2018 0029 issn 1538 5000 s2cid 165555242 ziemele ineta 2003 state continuity succession and responsibility reparations to the baltic states and their peoples baltic yearbook of international law online 3 1 165 189 doi 10 1163 221158903x00072 issn 1569 6456 hiden john salmon patrick 1994 the baltic nations and europe estonia latvia and lithuania in the twentieth century rev ed london new york longman isbn 978 0 582 25650 7 1 2 bloxham donald moses a dirk 2010 the oxford handbook of genocide studies oxford university press p 403 isbn 9780199232116 martin terry 2001 08 01 stalinist forced relocation policies demography and national security berghahn books pp 305 339 doi 10 2307 j ctv287sd9m 16 retrieved 2023 06 14 1 2 3 4 rahi tamm aigi kahar andres 2009 the deportation operation priboi in 1949 pdf in hiio toomas maripuu meelis paavle indrek eds estonia since 1944 report of the estonian international commission for the investigation of crimes against humanity tallinn estonian international commission for the investigation of crimes against humanity p 310 isbn 978 9949183005 archived from the original pdf on 2019 03 28 retrieved 2016 12 31 1 2 lovell stephen 2011 the shadow of war russia and the ussr 1941 to the present john wiley sons p 218 isbn 9781444351590 1 2 3 lane thomas 2004 victims of stalin and hitler the exodus of poles and balts to britain palgrave macmillan p 79 isbn 978 1 349 51584 4 romuald j misiunas and rein taagepera the baltic states years of dependence 1940 1980 berkeley and los angeles university of california press 1983 pp xvi 333 the american historical review june 1984 doi 10 1086 ahr 89 3 807 issn 1937 5239 mälksoo lauri december 2001 soviet genocide communist mass deportations in the baltic states and international law leiden journal of international law 14 4 757 787 doi 10 1017 s0922156501000371 issn 0922 1565 s2cid 145328825 lithuanian exiles and deportations 1940 1953 true lithuania www truelithuania com retrieved 2023 06 14 švedas aurimas 2020 12 09 narratives of exile and identity soviet deportation memoirs from the baltic states eds violeta davoliūtė tomas balkelis budapest new york central european university press 2018 220 pp lithuanian historical studies 24 1 262 264 doi 10 30965 25386565 02401021 isbn 978 963 386 183 7 issn 1392 2343 s2cid 230572283 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link švedas aurimas 2020 12 09 narratives of exile and identity soviet deportation memoirs from the baltic states eds violeta davoliūtė tomas balkelis budapest new york central european university press 2018 220 pp lithuanian historical studies 24 1 262 264 doi 10 30965 25386565 02401021 isbn 978 963 386 183 7 issn 1392 2343 s2cid 230572283 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link lithuanian exiles and deportations 1940 1953 true lithuania www truelithuania com retrieved 2023 06 14 pohl j o 2012 soviet apartheid stalin s ethnic deportations special settlement restrictions and the labor army the case of the ethnic germans in the ussr human rights review 13 2 205 224 doi 10 1007 s12142 011 0215 x s2cid 255519700 1 2 world estonian 2023 03 24 the victims of soviet deportations remembered in estonia estonian world retrieved 2023 06 14 1 2 statiev alexander 2010 the soviet counterinsurgency in the western borderlands cambridge university press pp 167 168 184 isbn 9780521768337 1 2 õispuu leo 2014 name list of persons deported from estonia 1945 1953 pdf vol r8 3 estonian repressed persons records bureau p 16 isbn 978 9985 9914 6 6 archived from the original pdf on 2017 01 01 retrieved 2016 12 31 stravinskienė vitalija 2012 lietuvos lenkų trėmimai 1941 1952 m istorija mokslo darbai in lithuanian 87 issn 2029 7181 archived from the original on 2016 12 25 retrieved 2016 12 31 hryciuk grzegorz 2007 victims 1939 1941 the soviet repressions in eastern poland in barkan elazar cole elizabeth a struve kai eds shared history divided memory jews and others in soviet occupied poland 1939 1941 leipziger universitätsverlag p 193 isbn 9783865832405 brezianu andrei spânu vlad 2010 the a to z of moldova scarecrow press p 117 isbn 9780810872110 lithuania marks 80th anniversary of soviet mass deportations wjxt associated press 2021 06 14 retrieved 2023 06 14 1 2 soviet deportations remembered 82 years on eng lsm lv retrieved 2023 06 14 1 2 3 2 soviet occupation latvijas okupācijas muzejs 2021 09 07 archived from the original on 2021 09 07 retrieved 2023 06 14 priimägi tristan 2016 11 29 the chronicles of melanie the dear deported cineuropa retrieved 2017 02 05 tamberg urve 2012 the darkest corner of the world dancing cat books lehtmets ann hoile douglas 1994 sentence siberia wakefield press sepetys ruta 2011 between shades of gray philomel books v t e occupation of the baltic states background timeline soviet occupation 1940 nazi occupation 1941 soviet re occupation 1944 state continuity diplomatic treaties in 1939 german lithuanian pact 23 march german estonian pact 7 june german latvian pact 7 june molotov ribbentrop pact 23 august soviet estonian treaty 28 september soviet latvian treaty 5 october soviet lithuanian treat...